Process for the preparation of substituted tetralin and substituted indane derivatives

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to novel processes for the preparation of substituted tetralin and substituted indane derivatives. The present invention is further directed to novel processes for the preparation of intermediates in the preparation of the substituted tetralin and substituted indane derivatives.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/110,459, filed Apr. 20, 2005, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/564,159, filed Apr. 21, 2004, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a novel processes for the preparation of substituted tetralin and substituted indane derivatives. The substituted tetralin and substituted indane derivatives are PPAR alpha agonists, useful for elevating serum levels of high density lipoproteins (HDL), improving levels of intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL), and lowering serum levels of triglycerides, low density lipoproteins (LDL), atherogenic molecules, and/or free fatty acids (FFA). The substituted tetralin and substituted indane compounds are further useful in treating hypertriglyceridemia, raising levels of HDL, lowering levels of LDL, and/or lowering total cholesterol. The present invention is further directed to novel processes for the preparation of intermediates in the preparation of the substituted tetralin and substituted indane derivatives.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to novel processes for the preparation of substituted tetralin and substituted indane derivatives. The substituted tetralin and substituted indane derivatives and their use for the treatment of PPAR alpha-mediated diseases including, but not limited to dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disorders, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, early, intermediate or late Type II diabetes (NIDDM), complications thereof and/or Syndrome X are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/688,380, filed Oct. 17, 2003, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/688,379, filed Oct. 17, 2003 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/688,572 filed Oct. 17, 2003, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

The present invention is directed to a process for the preparation of compounds of formula (L)

wherein

Q is selected from the group consisting of OH, OPg², NH₂ and N(Pg³Pg⁴); wherein Pg² is a carboxylic acid protecting group; and wherein Pg³ and Pg⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl or aryl; or Pg³ and Pg⁴ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form C₃₋₁₀heteroaryl or C₃₋₁₀non-aromatic heterocyclic;

each of R₁ and R₂ is independently H, C₁₋₆alkyl, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(a)R_(b), (CH₂)_(m)OR₈, (CH₂)_(m)NH(CO)R₈ or (CH₂)_(m)CO₂R₈;

wherein each of R_(a), R_(b), and R₈ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; and m is an integer from 1 to 6;

alternatively, R₁ and R₂ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a C₃₋₇cycloalkyl;

n is an integer from 1 to 2;

X is S;

provided that when n is 1, X is bound at the 5 or 6 position; and when n is 2, X is bound at the 6 or 7 position; provided further that when n is 2 and X is bound at the 6 position, then R³ is other than hydrogen and bound at the 7 position;

R₃ is H, C₁₋₃alkoxy, C₁₋₃alkylthio, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, NR₉R₁₀, NHCOR₁₀, CONHR₁₀ or COOR₁₀; and R₃ is ortho or meta to X; provided that R₃ is other than CF₃;

each R₉ and R₁₀ is independently C₁₋₆alkyl;

R₄ is H or —(C₁₋₅straight chain alkylene)R₁₅; wherein R₁₅ is H, C₁₋₇alkyl, [di(C₁₋₂alkyl)amino](C₁₋₆alkylene)-, (C₁₋₃alkoxyacyl)(C₁₋₆alkylene)-, C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₃₋₇alkenyl or C₃₋₈alkynyl;

wherein R₄ has no more than 9 carbon atoms;

alternatively, R₄ is -(straight chain C₁₋₅alkylene)R₁₆; wherein R₁₆ is C₃₋₆cycloalkyl or a 5-6 membered non-aromatic heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S;

wherein each of the above hydrocarbyl and heterocarbyl moieties may be optionally substituted with between 1 and 3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, amino, methyl, ethyl, hydroxy or methoxy;

comprising

reacting a compound of formula (III), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (IV), wherein Pg¹ is a nitrogen protecting group which is inert to ClSO₃H;

reacting the compound of formula (IV) with a suitably substituted compound of formula (V) wherein R_(4a) is R₄ other than hydrogen and wherein J is Br, Cl or I, in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VI); and then reacting the compound of formula (VI) with ClSO₃H, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VII);

alternatively, reacting the compound of formula (IV) with ClSO₃H, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VII) wherein R₄ is hydrogen;

reacting the compound of formula (VII) with a reducing agent capable of reducing the chlorosulfonyl group on the compound of formula (VII), to yield a mixture of the corresponding compound of formula (VIII) and the corresponding compound of formula (IX);

reacting the compound of formula (VIII), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (IX), with a suitably substituted compound of formula (X), wherein W is Br, Cl or I, in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XI);

alternatively, reacting the compound of formula (IX), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (VIII), with a reducing agent capable of reducing the disulfide on compound of formula (IX), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VIII); and then reacting the compound of formula (VIII) with a suitably substituted compound of formula (X), wherein W is Br, Cl or I, in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XI);

reacting the compound of formula (XI), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (L).

The present invention is further directed to a process for the preparation of compounds of formula (L)

wherein

Q is selected from the group consisting of OH, OPg², NH₂ and N(Pg³ Pg⁴); wherein Pg² is a carboxylic acid protecting group; and wherein Pg³ and Pg⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl or aryl; or Pg³ and Pg⁴ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form C₃₋₁₀heteroaryl or C₃₋₁₀non-aromatic heterocyclic;

each of R₁ and R₂ is independently H, C₁₋₆alkyl, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(a)R_(b), (CH₂)_(m)OR₈, (CH₂)_(m)NH(CO)R₈ or (CH₂)_(m)CO₂R₈;

wherein each of R_(a), R_(b), and R₈ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; and m is an integer from 1 to 6;

alternatively, R₁ and R₂ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a C₃₋₇cycloalkyl;

n is an integer from 1 to 2;

X is S;

provided that when n is 1, X is bound at the 5 or 6 position; and when n is 2, X is bound at the 6 or 7 position; provided further that when n is 2 and X is bound at the 6 position, then R³ is other than hydrogen and bound at the 7 position;

R₃ is H, C₁₋₃alkoxy, C₁₋₃alkylthio, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, NR₉R₁₀, NHCOR₁₀, CONHR₁₀, or COOR₁₀; and R₃ is ortho or meta to X; provided that R₃ is other than CF₃;

each R₉ and R₁₀ is independently C₁₋₆alkyl;

R₄ is H or —(C₁₋₅straight chain alkylene)R₁₅; wherein R₁₅ is H, C₁₋₇alkyl, [di(C₁₋₂alkyl)amino](C₁₋₆alkylene)-, (C₁₋₃alkoxyacyl)(C₁₋₆alkylene)-, C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₃₋₇alkenyl or C₃₋₈alkynyl;

wherein R₄ has no more than 9 carbon atoms;

alternatively, R₄ is -(straight chain C₁₋₅alkylene)R₁₆; wherein R₁₆ is C₃₋₆cycloalkyl or a 5-6 membered non-aromatic heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S;

wherein each of the above hydrocarbyl and heterocarbyl moieties may be optionally substituted with between 1 and 3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, amino, methyl, ethyl, hydroxy or methoxy;

comprising

reacting a compound of formula (III), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (IV), wherein Pg¹ is a nitrogen protecting group which is inert to ClSO₃H;

reacting the compound of formula (IV) with a suitably substituted compound of formula (V) wherein R_(4a) is R₄ other than hydrogen and wherein J is Br, Cl or I, in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VI); and then reacting the compound of formula (VI) with ClSO₃H, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VII);

alternatively, reacting the compound of formula (IV) with ClSO₃H, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VII) wherein R⁴ is hydrogen;

reacting the compound of formula (VII) with a reducing agent capable of reducing the chlorosulfonyl group on the compound of formula (VII), to yield a mixture of the corresponding compound of formula (VIII) and the corresponding compound of formula (IX);

de-protecting the compound of formula (VIII), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (IX), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIII);

alternatively, de-protecting the compound of formula (IX), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (VIII), to yield a corresponding compound of formula (XII); and then reducing the compound of formula (XII) with a reducing agent capable of reducing the disulfide on compound of formula (XII), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIII);

alternatively still, reacting the compound of formula (IX), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (VIII), with a reducing agent capable of reducing the disulfide on compound of formula (IX), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VIII); and then de-protecting the compound of formula (VIII), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIII);

reacting the compound of (XIII) with a suitably substituted compound of formula (X), wherein W is Br, Cl or I, in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (L).

The present invention is further directed to a process for the preparation of compounds of formula (L)

wherein

Q is selected from the group consisting of OH, OPg², NH₂ and N(Pg³ Pg⁴); wherein Pg² is a carboxylic acid protecting group; and wherein Pg³ and Pg⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl or aryl; or Pg³ and Pg⁴ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form C₃₋₁₀heteroaryl or C₃₋₁₀non-aromatic heterocyclic;

each of R₁ and R₂ is independently H, C₁₋₆alkyl, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(a)R_(b), (CH₂)_(m)OR₈, (CH₂)_(m)NH(CO)R₈ or (CH₂)_(m)CO₂R₈;

wherein each of R_(a), R_(b), and R₈ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; and m is an integer from 1 to 6;

alternatively, R₁ and R₂ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a C₃₋₇cycloalkyl;

n is an integer from 1 to 2;

X is S;

provided that when n is 1, X is bound at the 5 or 6 position; and when n is 2, X is bound at the 6 or 7 position; provided further that when n is 2 and X is bound at the 6 position, then R³ is other than hydrogen and bound at the 7 position;

R₃ is H, C₁₋₃alkoxy, C₁₋₃alkylthio, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, NR₉R₁₀, NHCOR₁₀, CONHR₁₀ or COOR₁₀; and R₃ is ortho or meta to X; provided that R₃ is other than CF₃;

each R₉ and R₁₀ is independently C₁₋₆alkyl;

R₄ is —(C₁₋₅straight chain alkylene)R₁₅; wherein R₁₅ is H, C₁₋₇alkyl, [di(C₁₋₂alkyl)amino](C₁₋₆alkylene)-, (C₁₋₃alkoxyacyl)(C₁₋₆alkylene)-, C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₃₋₇alkenyl or C₃₋₈alkynyl;

wherein R₄ has no more than 9 carbon atoms;

alternatively, R₄ is -(straight chain C₁₋₅alkylene)R₁₆; wherein R₁₆ is C₃₋₆cycloalkyl or a 5-6 membered non-aromatic heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S;

wherein each of the above hydrocarbyl and heterocarbyl moieties may be optionally substituted with between 1 and 3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, amino, methyl, ethyl, hydroxy or methoxy;

comprising

reacting a compound of formula (III), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (IV), wherein Pg¹ is a nitrogen protecting group which is inert to ClSO₃H;

reacting the compound of formula (IV) with ClSO₃H, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VIIa);

reacting the compound of formula (VIIa) with a reducing agent capable of reducing the chlorosulfonyl group on the compound of formula (VIIa), to yield a mixture of the corresponding compound of formula (VIIIa) and the corresponding compound of formula (IXa);

de-protecting the compound of formula (VIIIa), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (IXa), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIIIa); and then reacting the compound of formula (XIIIa) with a suitably substituted compound of formula (X), wherein W is Cl, Br or I, in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (La);

alternatively, reacting the compound of formula (IXa), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (VIIIa), with a reducing agent capable of reducing the disulfide on the compound of formula (IXa), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VIIIa); then reacting the compound of formula (VIIIa) with a suitably substituted compound of formula (X) wherein W is Br, Cl or I, in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIa); and then reacting the compound of formula (XIa), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (La);

alternatively still, de-protecting the compound of formula (IXa), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (VIIIa), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIIa); then reacting the compound of formula (XIIa) with a reducing agent capable of reducing the disulfide on the compound of formula (XIIa), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIIIa); and then reacting the compound of formula (XIIIa) with a suitably substituted compound of formula (X) wherein W is Br, Cl or I, in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (La);

reacting the compound of formula (La) with a suitably substituted compound of formula (V) wherein R_(4a) is R₄ other than hydrogen and wherein J is Br, Cl or I, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Lb);

alternatively, reacting the compound of formula (La) with a suitably substituted acylating agent capable of attaching an —C(O)—R_(4b) group onto the nitrogen of the compound of formula (La), wherein R_(4b) is selected from (C₁₋₄ straight chain alkylene)R₁₅ or (straight chain C₁₋₄alkylene)R₁₆, in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XVIII); and then reacting the compound of formula (XVIII) with a reducing agent capable of reducing the amide on the compound of formula (XVIII), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Lb).

The present invention is further directed to a process for the preparation of compounds of formula (Lc)

wherein

Q is selected from the group consisting of OH, OPg², NH₂ and N(Pg³ Pg⁴); wherein Pg² is a carboxylic acid protecting group; and wherein Pg³ and Pg⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl or aryl; or Pg³ and Pg⁴ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form C₃₋₁₀heteroaryl or C₃₋₁₀non-aromatic heterocyclic;

each of R₁ and R₂ is independently H, C₁₋₆alkyl, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(a)R_(b), (CH₂)_(m)OR₈, (CH₂)_(m)NH(CO)R₈ or (CH₂)_(m)CO₂R₈;

wherein each of R_(a), R_(b), and R₈ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; and m is an integer from 1 to 6;

alternatively, R₁ and R₂ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a C₃₋₇cycloalkyl;

n is an integer from 1 to 2;

X is S;

provided that when n is 1, X is bound at the 5 or 6 position; and when n is 2, X is bound at the 6 or 7 position; provided further that when n is 2 and X is bound at the 6 position, then R³ is other than hydrogen and bound at the 7 position;

R₃ is H, C₁₋₃alkoxy, C₁₋₃alkylthio, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, NR₉R₁₀, NHCOR₁₀, CONHR₁₀ or COOR₁₀; and R₃ is ortho or meta to X; provided that R₃ is other than CF₃;

each R₉ and R₁₀ is independently C₁₋₆alkyl;

R_(4b) is —(C₁₋₄straight chain alkylene)R₁₅; wherein R₁₅ is H, C₁₋₇alkyl, [di(C₁₋₂alkyl)amino](C₁₋₆alkylene)-, (C₁₋₃alkoxyacyl)(C₁₋₆alkylene)-, C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₃₋₇alkenyl or C₃₋₈alkynyl;

wherein R_(4b) has no more than 8 carbon atoms;

alternatively, R_(4b) is -(straight chain C₁₋₄alkylene)R₁₆; wherein R₁₆ is C₃₋₆cycloalkyl or a 5-6 membered non-aromatic heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S;

wherein each of the above hydrocarbyl and heterocarbyl moieties may be optionally substituted with between 1 and 3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, amino, methyl, ethyl, hydroxy or methoxy;

comprising

reacting a suitably substituted compound of formula (III) with a suitably substituted acylating agent capable of attaching an —C(O)—R_(4b) group onto the nitrogen of the compound of formula (III), in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIV);

reacting the compound of formula (XIV) with ClSO₃H, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XV);

reacting the compound of formula (XV) with a reducing agent capable of reducing the chlorosulfonyl group on the compound of formula (XV), to yield a mixture of the corresponding compound of formula (XVI) and the corresponding compound of formula (XVII);

reacting the compound of formula (XVI), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (XVII), with a reducing agent capable of reducing the amide on the compound of formula (XVI), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIIIb);

alternatively, reacting the compound of formula (XVII), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (XVI), with a reducing agent capable of reducing the amide and the disulfide on the compound of formula (XVII), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIIIb);

reacting the compound of formula (XIIIb) with a suitably substituted compound of formula (X) wherein W is Br, Cl or I, in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Lc).

The present invention is further directed to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (Lc)

wherein

Q is selected from the group consisting of OH, OPg², NH₂ and N(Pg³ Pg⁴); wherein Pg² is a carboxylic acid protecting group; and wherein Pg³ and Pg⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl or aryl; or Pg³ and Pg⁴ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form C₃₋₁₀heteroaryl or C₃₋₁₀non-aromatic heterocyclic;

each of R₁ and R₂ is independently H, C₁₋₆alkyl, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(a)R_(b), (CH₂)_(m)OR₈, (CH₂)_(m)NH(CO)R₈ or (CH₂)_(m)CO₂R₈;

wherein each of R_(a), R_(b), and R₈ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; and m is an integer from 1 to 6;

alternatively, R₁ and R₂ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a C₃₋₇cycloalkyl;

n is an integer from 1 to 2;

X is S;

provided that when n is 1, X is bound at the 5 or 6 position; and when n is 2, X is bound at the 6 or 7 position; provided further that when n is 2 and X is bound at the 6 position, then R³ is other than hydrogen and bound at the 7 position;

R₃ is H, C₁₋₃alkoxy, C₁₋₃alkylthio, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, NR₉R₁₀, NHCOR₁₀, CONHR₁₀ or COOR₁₀; and R₃ is ortho or meta to X; provided that R₃ is other than CF₃;

each R₉ and R₁₀ is independently C₁₋₆alkyl;

R_(4b) is —(C₁₋₄straight chain alkylene)R₁₅; wherein R₁₅ is H, C₁₋₇alkyl, [di(C₁₋₂alkyl)amino](C₁₋₆alkylene)-, (C₁₋₃alkoxyacyl)(C₁₋₆alkylene)-, C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₃₋₇alkenyl or C₃₋₈alkynyl;

wherein R_(4b) has no more than 8 carbon atoms;

alternatively, R_(4b) is -(straight chain C₁₋₄alkylene)R₁₆; wherein R₁₆ is C₃₋₆cycloalkyl or a 5-6 membered non-aromatic heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S;

wherein each of the above hydrocarbyl and heterocarbyl moieties may be optionally substituted with between 1 and 3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, amino, methyl, ethyl, hydroxy or methoxy;

comprising

reacting a suitably substituted compound of formula (III) with a suitably substituted acylating agent capable of attaching an —C(O)—R_(4b) group onto the nitrogen of the compound of formula (III), in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIV);

reacting the compound of formula (XIV) with ClSO₃H, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XV);

reacting the compound of formula (XV) with a reducing agent capable of reducing the chlorosulfonyl group and the amide group on the compound of formula (XV), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIIIb);

reacting the compound of formula (XIIIb) with a suitably substituted compound of formula (X) wherein W is Br, Cl or I, in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Lc).

In an embodiment of the present invention is a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (Ld)

wherein Q_(a) is OH or OPg², wherein Pg² is a carboxylic acid protecting group. In another embodiment of the present invention is a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (Ld) wherein Q_(a) is OPg² wherein Pg² is a carboxylic acid protecting group.

The present invention is further directed to a novel process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I)

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, C₁₋₆ ester or C₁₋₆ amide thereof,

wherein

each of R₁ and R₂ is independently H, C₁₋₆alkyl, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(a)R_(b), (CH₂)_(m)OR₈, (CH₂)_(m)NH(CO)R₈ or (CH₂)_(m)CO₂R₈;

wherein each of R_(a), R_(b), and R₈ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; and m is an integer from 1 to 6;

alternatively, R₁ and R₂ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a C₃₋₇cycloalkyl;

n is an integer from 1 to 2;

X is S;

provided that when n is 1, X is bound at the 5 or 6 position; and when n is 2, X is bound at the 6 or 7 position; provided further that when n is 2 and X is bound at the 6 position, then R³ is other than hydrogen and bound at the 7 position;

R₃ is H, C₁₋₃alkoxy, C₁₋₃alkylthio, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, NR₉R₁₀, NHCOR₁₀, CONHR₁₀ or COOR₁₀; and R₃ is ortho or meta to X; provided that R₃ is other than CF₃;

each R₉ and R₁₀ is independently C₁₋₆alkyl;

R₄ is H or —(C₁₋₅straight chain alkylene)R₁₅; wherein R₁₅ is H, C₁₋₇alkyl, [di(C₁₋₂alkyl)amino](C₁₋₆alkylene)-, (C₁₋₃alkoxyacyl)(C₁₋₆alkylene)-, C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₃₋₇alkenyl or C₃₋₈alkynyl;

wherein R₄ has no more than 9 carbon atoms;

alternatively, R₄ is -(straight chain C₁₋₅alkylene)R₁₆; wherein R₁₆ is C₃₋₆cycloalkyl or a 5-6 membered non-aromatic heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S;

c is an integer from 0 to 1;

each of R₅ and R₇ is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, COR₁₁, COOR₁₁, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkylthio, hydroxy, phenyl, NR₁₁R₁₂ or a 5-6 membered heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S;

R₆ is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, COR₁₃, COOR₁₃, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkylthio, hydroxy, phenyl, NR₁₃R₁₄ or a 5-6 membered heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S;

alternatively, R₅ and R₆ or R₆ and R₇ may be taken together to be a bivalent moiety, saturated or unsaturated, selected from C₃₋₄alkylene (for example, —(CH₂)₃— or —(CH₂)₄—), C₃₋₄alkenylene (for example, —CH═CH—CH₂— or —CH═CH—CH═CH—) or (CH₁₋₂)_(p)N(CH₁₋₂)_(q);

p is an integer from 0 to 2 and q is an integer from 1 to 3; wherein the sum (p+q) is at least 2;

each R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃ and R₁₄ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl;

wherein each of the above hydrocarbyl and heterocarbyl moieties may be optionally substituted with between 1 and 3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, amino, methyl, ethyl, hydroxy or methoxy;

comprising

reacting a compound of formula (L), wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of OH, OPg², NH₂ and N(Pg³ Pg⁴); wherein Pg² is a carboxylic acid protecting group; and wherein Pg³ and Pg⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl or aryl; or Pg³ and Pg⁴ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form C₃₋₁₀heteroaryl or C₃₋₁₀non-aromatic heterocyclic; to yield the corresponding compound of formula (I).

In an embodiment of the present invention is a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (II)

also known as 2-[[2-[ethyl[[[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]amino]carbonyl]amino]-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl]thio]-2-methyl-propanoic acid or 2-{2-[1-ethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-ureido]-indan-5-ylsulfanyl}-2-methyl-propionic acid.

In another embodiment of the present invention is a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (IIa)

also known as 2-[[(2R)-2-[ethyl[[[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]amino]carbonyl]amino]-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl]thio]-2-methyl-propanoic acid or 2-{(2R)-[1-ethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-ureido]-indan-5-ylsulfanyl}-2-methyl-propionic acid.

The present invention is further directed to a process for the preparation of the compound of formula (Le)

wherein Q_(b) is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkoxy, wherein the C₁₋₆alkoxy is not substituted with amino; comprising

(a) reacting a compound of formula (Ld) with (S)-2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic acid, in an alcohol; or in acetone, at a temperature in the range of from about 35° C. to about 0° C.; to yield the corresponding (R,S) diastereomeric salt, the compound of formula (XX);

(b) reacting the (R,S) diastereomeric salt, the compound of formula (XX), with an inorganic base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Le).

The present invention is further directed to a process for the preparation of the compound of formula (Le)

wherein Q_(b) is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkoxy, wherein the C₁₋₆alkoxy is not substituted with amino; comprising

(a) reacting a compound of formula (Ld) with (R)-2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic acid, in acetone, at a temperature greater than about 35° C., preferably at a temperature greater than about 45° C.; or in THF at about room temperature, to yield the corresponding (R,R) diastereomeric salt, the compound of formula (XXI).

(b) reacting the (R,R) diastereomeric salt, the compound of formula (XXI) with an inorganic base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Le).

The present invention is further directed to a process for the preparation of the compound of formula (Lf)

wherein Q_(b) is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkoxy, wherein the C₁₋₆alkoxy is not substituted with amino; comprising

(a) reacting a compound of formula (Ld) with (S)-2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic acid, in acetone, at a temperature greater than about 35° C., preferably at a temperature greater than about 45° C.; or in THF at about room temperature; to yield the corresponding (S,S) diastereomeric salt, the compound of formula (XXII).

(b) reacting the (S,S) diastereomeric salt, the compound of formula (XXI) with an inorganic base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Lf).

The present invention is further directed to a process for the preparation of the compound of formula (Lf)

wherein Q_(b) is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkoxy, wherein the C₁₋₆alkoxy is not substituted with amino; comprising

(a) reacting a compound of formula (Ld) with (R)-2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic acid, in an alcohol; or in acetone, at a temperature in the range of from about 35° C. to about 0° C.; to yield the corresponding (S,R) diastereomeric salt, the compound of formula (XXIII);

(b) reacting the (S,R) diastereomeric salt, the compound of formula (XXIII) with an inorganic base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Lf).

The present invention is further directed to a novel crystalline salt of the compound of formula (IIa), more specifically, an N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine (benzathine) salt of the compound of formula (IIa). The present invention is further directed to an N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine salt of the compound of formula (IIa) wherein the ratio of the compound of formula (IIa) to the N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine is 1:1. The present invention is further directed to a process for the preparation of the benzathine salt of the compound of formula (IIa).

The present invention is further directed to a compound prepared according to any of the processes described herein.

Illustrative of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound prepared according to any of the processes described herein. An illustration of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition made by mixing a compound prepared according to any of the processes described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Illustrating the invention is a process for making a pharmaceutical composition comprising mixing a compound prepared according to any of the processes described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises the compound:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, C₁₋₆ ester or C₁₋₆ amide thereof.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises the compound:

Exemplifying the present invention are methods of treating a PPAR alpha-mediated disease in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound prepared according to any of the processes described herein or a pharmaceutical composition as described above. Further exemplifying the present invention are methods of elevating serum levels of high density lipoproteins (HDL), improving levels of intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL), lowering serum levels of triglycerides, low density lipoproteins (LDL), atherogenic molecules, and/or free fatty acids (FFA), treating hypertriglyceridemia, raising levels of HDL, lowering levels of LDL, and/or lowering total cholesterol, in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound prepared according to any of the processes described herein or a pharmaceutical composition as described above.

Further exemplifying the invention are methods for treating dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disorders, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, early, intermediate or late Type II diabetes (NIDDM), complications thereof, or Syndrome X, in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound prepared according to any of the processes described herein or a pharmaceutical composition as described above.

Further exemplifying the invention are methods for the treatment, prevention, or for inhibiting the progression of one or more of the following conditions or diseases: phase I hyperlipidemia; pre-clinical hyperlipidemia; phase II hyperlipidemia; hypertension; CAD (coronary artery disease); coronary heart disease; hypertriglyceridemia; lowering serum levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), IDL, and/or small-density LDL and other atherogenic molecules, or molecules that cause atherosclerotic complications, thereby reducing cardiovascular complications; elevating serum levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL); lowering serum levels of triglycerides, LDL, and/or free fatty acids; and/or lowering FPG/HbA1c.

Another example of the invention is the use of a compound prepared according to any of the processes described herein in the preparation of a medicament for treating (a) dyslipidemia, (b) cardiovascular disorders, (c) impaired glucose tolerance, (d) hyperinsulinemia, (e) hyperglycemia, (f) insulin resistance, (g) early Type II diabetes (NIDDM), (h) intermediate Type II diabetes (NIDDM), (i) late Type II diabetes (NIDDM), (j) complications of Type II diabetes or (k) Syndrome X, in a subject in need thereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

“Alkyl” includes optionally substituted straight chain and branched hydrocarbons with at least one hydrogen removed to form a radical group. Alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, 1-methylpropyl, pentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, and so on. As used herein, alkyl also includes cycloalkyl, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.

“Alkenyl” includes optionally substituted straight chain and branched hydrocarbon radicals as above with at least one carbon-carbon double bond (sp²). Alkenyls include ethenyl (or vinyl), prop-1-enyl, prop-2-enyl (or allyl), isopropenyl (or 1-methylvinyl), but-1-enyl, but-2-enyl, butadienyls, pentenyls, hexa-2,4-dienyl, and so on. Hydrocarbon radicals having a mixture of double bonds and triple bonds, such as 2-penten-4-ynyl, are grouped as alkynyls herein. As used herein, alkenyl also includes cycloalkenyl. Cis and trans or (E) and (Z) forms are included within the invention.

“Alkynyl” includes optionally substituted straight chain and branched hydrocarbon radicals as above with at least one carbon-carbon triple bond (sp). Alkynyls include ethynyl, propynyls, butynyls, and pentynyls. Hydrocarbon radicals having a mixture of double bonds and triple bonds, such as 2-penten-4-ynyl, are grouped as alkynyls herein. Alkynyl does not include cycloalkynyl.

“Alkoxy” includes an optionally substituted straight chain or branched alkyl group with a terminal oxygen linking the alkyl group to the rest of the molecule. Alkoxy includes methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, t-butoxy, pentoxy and so on.

“Aminoalkyl”, “thioalkyl”, and “sulfonylalkyl” are analogous to alkoxy, replacing the terminal oxygen atom of alkoxy with, respectively, NH (or NR), S, and SO₂. Heteroalkyl includes alkoxy, aminoalkyl, thioalkyl, and so on.

“Aryl” includes phenyl, naphthyl, biphenylyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indenyl, and so on, any of which may be optionally substituted. Aryl also includes arylalkyl groups such as benzyl, phenethyl, and phenylpropyl. Aryl includes a ring system containing an optionally substituted 6-membered carbocyclic aromatic ring, said system may be bicyclic, bridge, and/or fused. The system may include rings that are aromatic, or partially or completely saturated. Examples of ring systems include indenyl, pentalenyl, 1-4-dihydronaphthyl, indanyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiophenyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, isoquinolinyl, and so on.

“Heterocyclyl” includes optionally substituted aromatic and nonaromatic rings having carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom (O, S, N) or heteroatom moiety (SO₂, CO, CONH, COO) in the ring. Unless otherwise indicated, a heterocyclic radical may have a valence connecting it to the rest of the molecule through a carbon atom, such as 3-furyl or 2-imidazolyl, or through a heteroatom, such as N-piperidyl or 1-pyrazolyl. Preferably a monocyclic heterocyclyl has between 5 and 7 ring atoms, or between 5 and 6 ring atoms; there may be between 1 and 5 heteroatoms or heteroatom moieties in the ring, and preferably between 1 and 3, or between 1 and 2. A heterocyclyl may be saturated, unsaturated, aromatic (e.g., heteroaryl), nonaromatic, or fused.

Heterocyclyl also includes fused, e.g., bicyclic, rings, such as those optionally condensed with an optionally substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic five- or six-membered aromatic ring. For example, “heteroaryl” includes an optionally substituted six-membered heteroaromatic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 nitrogen atoms condensed with an optionally substituted five- or six-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic ring. Said heterocyclic five- or six-membered aromatic ring condensed with the said five- or six-membered aromatic ring may contain 1, 2 or 3 nitrogen atoms where it is a six-membered ring, or 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur where it is a five-membered ring.

Examples of heterocyclyls include thiazoylyl, furyl, thienyl, pyranyl, isobenzofuranyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, indolizinyl, isoindolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, purinyl, quinolyl, furazanyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, imdazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, piperidyl, piperazinyl, indolinyl, and morpholinyl. For example, preferred heterocyclyls or heterocyclic radicals include morpholinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyridyl, cyclohexylimino, thienyl, and more preferably, piperidyl or morpholinyl.

Examples illustrating heteroaryl are thienyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl.

“Acyl” refers to a carbonyl moiety attached to either a hydrogen atom (i.e., a formyl group) or to an optionally substituted alkyl or alkenyl chain, or heterocyclyl.

“Halo” or “halogen” includes fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo, and preferably fluoro or chloro as a substituent on an alkyl group, with one or more halo atoms, such as trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoromethylthio, difluoromethoxy, or fluoromethylthio.

“Alkanediyl” or “alkylene” represents straight or branched chain optionally substituted bivalent alkane radicals such as, for example, methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene or hexylene.

“Alkenediyl” represents, analogous to the above, straight or branched chain optionally substituted bivalent alkene radicals such as, for example, propenylene, butenylene, pentenylene or hexenylene. In such radicals, the carbon atom linking a nitrogen preferably should be saturated.

“Aroyl” refers to a carbonyl moiety attached to an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group, wherein aryl and heteroaryl have the definitions provided above. In particular, benzoyl is phenylcarbonyl.

As defined herein, two radicals, together with the atom(s) to which they are attached may form an optionally substituted 4- to 7-, 5- to 7-, or a 5- to 6-membered ring carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, which ring may be saturated, unsaturated or aromatic. Said rings may be as defined above in the Summary of the Invention section.

“Enantiomer excess” or “ee”, usually expressed as a percentage, describes the excess of one enantiomer over the other. The percentage enantiomer excess, ee=100(Xr−Xs)/(Xr+Xs), where Xr>Xs. Alternatively, ee=100(2X−1), where X is the mole fraction of the dominant enantiomer in the mixture. Please note that Xr and Xs represent the mole fraction of (R)-enantiomer and (S)-enantiomer respectively in the mixture.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and amides” include carboxylate salts, amino acid addition salts, esters, and amides which are within a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, pharmacologically effective and suitable for contact with the tissues of patients without undue toxicity, irritation, or allergic response. These salts, esters, and amides may be, for example, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, aryl, C₂₋₁₀heteroaryl, or C₂₋₁₀non-aromatic heterocyclic salts, esters, and amides. Salts, free acids, and esters are more preferable than amides on the terminal carboxylate/carboxylic acid group on the left of formula (I). Representative salts include hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, nitrate, acetate, oxalate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, borate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, naphthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactiobionate, and laurylsulfonate. These may include alkali metal and alkali earth cations such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, as well as non-toxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations such as tetramethyl ammonium, methylamine, trimethylamine, and ethylamine. See example, S. M. Berge, et al., “Pharmaceutical Salts,” J. Pharm. Sci., 1977, 66:1-19 which is incorporated herein by reference. Representative pharmaceutically acceptable amides of the invention include those derived from ammonia, primary C₁₋₆alkyl amines and secondary di(C₁₋₆alkyl) amines. Secondary amines include 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic or heteroaromatic ring moieties containing at least one nitrogen atom and optionally between 1 and 2 additional heteroatoms. Preferred amides are derived from ammonia, C₁₋₃alkyl primary amines, and di(C₁₋₂alkyl)amines. Representative pharmaceutically acceptable esters of the invention include C₁₋₇ alkyl, C₅₋₇cycloalkyl, phenyl, and phenyl(C₁₋₆)alkyl esters. Preferred esters include methyl and ethyl esters.

As used herein, all hydrocarbon radicals, whether saturated, unsaturated or aromatic, and whether or not cyclic, straight chain, or branched, and also similarly with all heterocyclic radicals, each radical includes substituted radicals of that type and monovalent, bivalent, and multivalent radicals as indicated by the context. The context will indicate that the substituent is an alkylene or hydrocarbon radical with at least two hydrogen atoms removed (bivalent) or more hydrogen atoms removed (multivalent).

Radicals or structure fragments as defined herein are understood to include substituted radicals or structure fragments. Hydrocarbyls include monovalent radicals containing carbon and hydrogen such as alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, and cycloalkenyl (whether aromatic or unsaturated), as well as corresponding bivalent (or multi-valent) radicals such as alkylene, alkenylene, phenylene, and so on. Heterocarbyls include monovalent and bivalent (or multi-valent) radicals containing carbon, optionally hydrogen, and at least one heteroatom. Examples of monovalent heterocarbyls include acyl, acyloxy, alkoxyacyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, aroyl, benzoyl, dialkylamino, hydroxyalkyl, and so on. Using “alkyl” as an example, “alkyl” should be understood to include substituted alkyl having one or more substitutions, such as between 1 and 5, 1 and 3, or 2 and 4 substituents. The substituents may be the same (dihydroxy, dimethyl) or different (chlorofluoro-, chlorobenzyl- or aminomethyl-substituted). Examples of substituted alkyl include haloalkyl (such as fluoromethyl, chloromethyl, difluoromethyl, perchloromethyl, 2-bromoethyl, trifluoromethyl, and 3-iodocyclopentyl), hydroxyalkyl (such as hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl), aminoalkyl (such as aminomethyl, 2-aminoethyl, 3-aminopropyl, and 2-aminopropyl), alkylalkyl, and so on. A di(C₁₋₆alkyl)amino group includes independently selected alkyl groups, to form, for example, methylpropylamino and isopropylmethylamino, in addition dialkylamino groups having two of the same alkyl group such as dimethylamino or diethylamino.

Only stable compounds are intended. For example, where there is an NR₁₁R₁₂ group, and R can be an alkenyl group, the double bond is at least one carbon removed from the nitrogen to avoid enamine formation. Similarly, where —(CH₂)_(p)—N—(CH₂)_(q)— can be unsaturated, the appropriate hydrogen atom(s) is(are) included or omitted, as shown in —(CH₂)—N═(CH)—(CH₂)— or —(CH₂)—NH—(CH)═(CH)—.

Unless otherwise noted, when naming substituents such as X and R³, the following numbering of the indane and tetralin, respectively, will be applied.

As used herein, unless otherwise noted, the term “aprotic solvent” shall mean any solvent that does not yield a proton. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to DMF, dioxane, THF, acetonitrile, pyridine, dichloroethane, dichloromethane, MTBE, toluene, and the like.

As used herein, unless otherwise noted, the term “nitrogen protecting group” shall mean a group which may be attached to a nitrogen atom to protect said nitrogen atom from participating in a reaction and which may be readily removed following the reaction. Suitable nitrogen protecting groups include, but are not limited to carbamates—groups of the formula —C(O)O—R wherein R is for example methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, benzyl, phenylethyl, CH₂═CH—CH₂—, and the like; amides—groups of the formula —C(O)—R′ wherein R′ is for example methyl, phenyl, trifluoromethyl, and the like; N-sulfonyl derivatives—groups of the formula —SO₂—R″ wherein R″ is for example tolyl, phenyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman-6-yl-, 2,3,6-trimethyl-4-methoxybenzene, and the like. Other suitable nitrogen protecting groups may be found in texts such as T. W. Greene & P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, 1991.

As used herein, unless otherwise noted, the term “carboxylic acid protecting group” shall mean a group which may be attached to —C(O)O— portion of the carboxylic acid to protect said carboxylic acid from participating in a reaction and which may be readily removed following the reaction. Suitable carboxylic acid protecting groups include, but are not limited C₁₋₇alkyl, C₅₋₇cycloalkyl, phenyl, phenylC₁₋₆alkyl, and the like. Other suitable carboxylic acid protecting groups may be found in texts such as T. W. Greene & P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, 1991.

In the process for the preparation of the compounds of formula (I), application of the present invention to a mixture of enantiomers of the compound of formula (L), substantially free of the S enantiomer, will result in the production of a mixture of enantiomers of formula (I), substantially free of the S enantiomer. Similarly, in the process for the preparation of the compounds of formula (I), application of the present invention to a mixture of enantiomers of formula (L), substantially free of the R enantiomer, will result in the production of a mixture of enantiomers of formula (I), substantially free of the R enantiomer. Preferably, the enantiomeric excess of the desired enantiomer of formula (I) is at least about 90% ee, more preferably, at least about 96% ee, most preferably, about 99% ee.

To provide a more concise description, some of the quantitative expressions given herein are not qualified with the term “about”. It is understood that whether the term “about” is used explicitly or not, every quantity given herein is meant to refer to the actual given value, and it is also meant to refer to the approximation to such given value that would reasonably be inferred based on the ordinary skill in the art, including approximations due to the experimental and/or measurement conditions for such given value.

One skilled in the art will recognize that wherein a reaction step of the present invention may be carried out in a variety of solvents or solvent systems, said reaction step may also be carried out in a mixture of the suitable solvents or solvent systems.

Where the processes for the preparation of the compounds according to the invention give rise to mixture of stereoisomers, these isomers may be separated by conventional techniques such as preparative chromatography.

The compounds may be prepared in racemic form, or individual enantiomers may be prepared either by enantiospecific synthesis or by resolution. The compounds may, for example, be resolved into their component enantiomers by standard techniques, such as the formation of diastereomeric pairs by salt formation with an optically active acid, followed by fractional crystallization and regeneration of the free base. The compounds may also be resolved by formation of diastereomeric esters or amides, followed by chromatographic separation and removal of the chiral auxiliary. Alternatively, the compounds may be resolved using a chiral HPLC column.

During any of the processes for preparation of the compounds of the present invention, it may be necessary and/or desirable to protect sensitive or reactive groups on any of the molecules concerned. This may be achieved by means of conventional protecting groups, such as those described in Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, ed. J. F. W. McOmie, Plenum Press, 1973; and T. W. Greene & P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, 1991. The protecting groups may be removed at a convenient subsequent stage using methods known from the art.

With reference to substituents, the term “independently” means that when more than one of such substituents is possible, such substituents may be the same or different from each other.

When a particular group is “substituted” (e.g., phenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl), that group may have one or more substituents, preferably from one to three substituents, more preferably from one to two substituents, independently selected from the list of substituents.

The term “subject” as used herein, refers to an animal, preferably a mammal, most preferably a human, who has been the object of treatment, observation or experiment.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein, means that amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, which includes alleviation of the symptoms of the disease or disorder being treated.

As used herein, the term “composition” is intended to encompass a product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combinations of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts.

Abbreviations used in the specification, particularly the Schemes and Examples, are as follows:

Ac = Acetyl (i.e. —C(O)—CH₃) ACN or MeCN = Acetonitrile Alloc = CH₂═CHCH₂—O—C(O)— DCE = Dichloroethane DCM = Dichloromethane DIPEA or DIEA = Diisopropylethylamine DMA = Dimethylacetamide DMF = N,N-Dimethylformamide DMSO = Dimethyl sulfoxide % ee = Percent Enantiomeric Excess Et₃N or TEA = Triethylamine EtOAc = Ethyl acetate EtOH = Ethanol FTIR = Fourier Transform Infra-Red HPLC = High Pressure Liquid Chromatography iPrOAc = Isopropyl acetate KF = Karl-Fisher (% water measurement) LAH = Lithium Aluminum Hydride LDA = Lithium Diisopropylamide LHMDS = Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide MeOH = Methanol mp = Melting Point MS = Mass Spectroscopy MTBE = Methyl-t-butyl ether MTr = 2,3,6-trimethyl-4-methoxy-phenyl-sulfonyl NMR = Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Pd(PPh₃)₄ = Palladium (0) Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) TFA = Trifluoroacetic Acid THF = Tetrahydrofuran

In an embodiment of the present invention, in the compound of formula (I), (a) one of R₁ and R₂ is methyl or ethyl; (b) each of R₁ and R₂ is methyl; (c) R₁ and R₂ taken together are cyclobutyl or cyclopentyl; (d) R₃ is H; (e) R₄ is H or C₂₋₇alkyl; (e) R₄ is H or C₂₋₅alkyl; (f) R₄ is ethyl; (g) R₄ is H; (h) n is 1; (i) n is 2; (j) at least one of R₅ and R₇ is H; (k) R₆ is C₁₋₄alkyl, halomethoxy, or halothiomethoxy (i.e—S-(halomethyl)); (I) R₆ is t-butyl, isopropyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, trifluorothiomethoxy (i.e. —S—CF₃), difluoromethoxy, or dimethylamino; (m) R₃ is H, R₄ is C₂₋₇alkyl; (n) R₄ is C₂₋₅alkyl; (O)R₆ is cyclopropylmethyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, methylethylamino, or diethylamino; (p) the (S) enantiomer at the C-2 position on the indane or tetralin; (q) the (R) entantiomer at the C-2 position on the indane or tetralin; (r) where R₁₅ is C₁₋₇ alkyl, [di(C₁₋₂ alkyl)amino](C₁₋₆alkylene), (C₁₋₃alkoxyacyl)(C₁₋₆alkylene), C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₃₋₇alkenyl, or C₃₋₈alkynyl; (s) R₆ is trifluoromethylthio or trifluoromethoxy; or (t) any combination of the above.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the compound of formula (I) selected from the group consisting of 2-{6-[1-Ethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)ureido]-3-methoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl}-2-methylpropionic acid; 2-{6-[1-Ethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)ureido]-3-fluoro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl}-2-methylpropionic acid; 2-{6-[1-Ethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)ureido]-3-chloro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl}-2-methylpropionic acid; 2-{6-[1-Ethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)ureido]-3-bromo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl}-2-methylpropionic acid; 2-{6-[1-Ethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)ureido]-3-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl}-2-methylpropionic acid; 2-{6-[1-Ethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)ureido]-3-trifluoromethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl}-2-methylpropionic acid; 2-{6-[1-Ethyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ureido]-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl}-2-methylpropionic acid; 2-{6-[(4-Aminophenyl)-1-ethyl-ureido]-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl}-2-methylpropionic acid and 2-{6-[1-Ethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)ureido]-4-trifluoromethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl}-2-methylpropionic acid.

In another embodiment of the present invention the compound of formula (I) selected from the group consisting of 2-{6-[1-Ethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)ureido]-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl}-2-methylpropionic acid; 2-{6-[3-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)ureido]-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl}-2-methylpropionic acid; 2-{2-[1-Ethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)ureido]indan-5-ylsulfanyl}-2-methylpropionic acid; 2-{2-[1-Ethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylsulfanylphenyl)ureido]indan-5-ylsulfanyl}-2-methylpropionic acid; and 2-Methyl-2-{2-[1-propyl-3-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)ureido]indan-5-ylsulfanyl}propionic acid.

In an embodiment of the present invention c is 0. In another embodiment of the present invention n is 1 and X is bound at the 5-position. In yet another embodiment of the present invention n is 2 and X is bound at the 6- or 7-position, preferably at the 6-position.

In an embodiment of the present invention, wherein n is 1 and R₃ is hydrogen or is other than hydrogen and is bound at the 4-, 6- or 7-position, then the —X—C(R₁R₂)—C(O)-Q group is bound at the 5-position. In another embodiment of the present invention, wherein n is 1 and R₃ is hydrogen or is other than hydrogen and is bound at the 4-, 6- or 7-position, then the —X—C(R₁R₂)—C(O)—OH group is bound at the 5-position.

In an embodiment of the present invention, wherein n is 1 and R₃ is other than hydrogen and is bound at the 5-position, then the —X—C(R₁R₂)—C(O)-Q group is bound at the 6-position. In another embodiment of the present invention, wherein n is 1 and R₃ is other than hydrogen and is bound at the 5-position, then the —X—C(R₁R₂)—C(O)—OH group is bound at the 6-position.

In an embodiment of the present invention Q is OPg² or N(Pg³ Pg⁴), wherein Pg² is a carboxylic acid protecting group as readily understood by one skilled in the art, including, but not limited to, C₁₋₇alkyl, C₅₋₇cycloalkyl, phenyl, phenylC₁₋₆alkyl, and the like; and Pg³ and Pg⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl or aryl; alternatively Pg³ and Pg⁴ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form C₃₋₁₀heteroaryl or C₃₋₁₀non-aromatic heterocyclic, preferably a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic or heteroaromatic ring moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom and optionally between 1 and 2 additional heteroatoms. In another embodiment of the present invention Q is OPg², wherein Pg² is a carboxylic acid protecting group.

In an embodiment of the present invention Q is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, unsubstituted C₁₋₆alkoxy, amino, unsubstituted C₁₋₄alkylamino and di(unsubstituted C₁₋₄alkyl)amino. In another embodiment of the present invention Q is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, ispropyloxy, n-butyloxy, t-butoxy, amino, methylamino and dimethylamino. In yet another embodiment of the present invention Q is C₁₋₆alkoxy, wherein the C₁₋₆alkoxy is not substituted with amino. In yet another embodiment of the present invention, Q is selected from the group consisting of methoxy, ethoxy and t-butoxy.

The present invention is directed to a process for the preparation of compounds of formula (L)

wherein Q, X, R₁, R₂, R₃, n and R₄ are as herein defined. The compounds of formula (L) are useful as intermediates in the preparation of compounds of formula (I).

Compounds of formula (L) may be prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme 1.

Accordingly, a suitably substituted compound of formula (III), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, is reacted (for example, protected) according to known methods, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (IV), wherein Pg₁ is a nitrogen protecting group which is inert to ClSO₃H, such as, Alloc (CH₂═CHCH₂—O—C(O)—), acetyl (CH₃—C(O)—), (C₁₋₄alkyl)-C(O)—, and the like. For example, the compound of formula (III) is reacted with a suitably selected protecting reagent such as Alloc-Cl (CH₂═CHCH₂—O—C(O)—Cl), Alloc₂O (CH₂═CHCH₂—OC(O)—O—C(O)O—CH₂CH═CH₂), AcCl (CH₃—C(O)—Cl), Ac₂O (CH₃—C(O)—O—C(O)—CH₃), and the like. Wherein the compound of formula (III) is reacted with a Alloc-Cl, or Alloc₂O, the corresponding protecting group Pg₁ is Alloc. Preferably, Pg₁ is selected from Alloc or acetyl.

The compound of formula (IV) is reacted with a suitable substituted compound of formula (V), wherein R₄₁ is R₄ other than hydrogen and wherein J is Br, Cl, or I, a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of a base such as NaH, n-butyl lithium, LDA, LHMDS, and the like, in a polar aprotic solvent such as THF, dioxane, MTBE, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VI). The compound of formula (VI) is then reacted with ClSO₃H, optionally in a polar organic solvent which is inert to ClSO₃H, such as DCM, DCE, acetonitrile, DMF, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VII).

Alternatively, the compound of formula (IV) is reacted with ClSO₃H, optionally in a polar organic solvent which is inert to ClSO₃H, such as DCM, DCE, acetonitrile, DMF, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VII) wherein R₄ is hydrogen.

The compound of formula (VII) is reacted with a reducing agent capable of reducing the chlorosulfonyl group on the compound of formula (VII), such as Zn, and the like, in the presence of an acid such as HCl, H₂SO₄, and the like, in an aprotic solvent such as acetonitrile, THF, dioxane, and the like; or with Zn in the presence of (CH₃)₂SiCl₂ and DMA, in an aprotic organic solvent such as THF, dioxane, acetonitrile, 1,2-dichloroethane, and the like; to yield a mixture of the corresponding compound of formula (VIII) and the corresponding compound of formula (IX).

Alternatively, wherein the compound of formula (VII) Pg₁ is tosyl or MTr, the compound of formula (VII) is reacted with a reducing agent capable of reducing the chlorosulfonyl group on the compound of formula (VII), such as LiAlH₄, and the like, in an organic solvent which is inert to the reducing agent, such as THF, dioxane, and the like, at a temperature in the range of from about room temperature to about reflux, preferably at about reflux, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VIII).

The compound of formula (VIII), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (IX) is reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (X), wherein W is Br, Cl or I, a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of an organic base which is inert to the compound of formula (X), such as TEA, DIPEA, pyridine, and the like or in the presence of an inorganic base which is inert to the compound of formula (X), such as NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃, K₂CO₃, Cs₂CO₃, and the like, in a polar aprotic solvent such as THF, dioxane, DMF, acetonitrile, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XI).

Alternatively, the compound of formula (IX), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (VIII) is reacted with a reducing agent which is capable of reducing the disulfide on the compound of formula (VIII), such as LiAlH₄, LiBH₄, NaBH₄, and the like, in an organic solvent which is inert to the reducing agent, such as THF, dioxane, and the like, at a temperature in the range of from about room temperature to about reflux, preferably at about room temperature, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VIII), which is preferably not isolated. The compound of formula (VIII) is then reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (X), wherein W is Br, Cl or I, a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of an organic base which is inert to the compound of formula (X), such as TEA, DIPEA, pyridine, and the like or in the presence of an inorganic base which is inert to the compound of formula (X), such as NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃, K₂CO₃, Cs₂CO₃, and the like, in a polar aprotic solvent such as THF, dioxane, DMF, acetonitrile, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XI).

The compound of formula (XI) is reacted to yield the corresponding compound of formula (L). For example, the compound of formula (XI) is de-protected according to known methods, such as those described in Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, ed. J. F. W. McOmie, Plenun Pressm 1973 and T. W. Green and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, 1991, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (L).

Compounds of formula (L) may alternatively be prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme 2.

Accordingly, a suitably substituted compound of formula (III), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, is reacted (for example, protected) according to known methods, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (IV), wherein Pg₁ is a nitrogen protecting group which is inert to ClSO₃H, such as, Alloc (CH₂═CHCH₂—O—C(O)—), acetyl (CH₃—C(O)—), (C₁₋₄alkyl)-C(O)—, and the like. For example, the compound of formula (III) is reacted with a suitably selected protecting reagent such as Alloc-Cl (CH₂═CHCH₂—O—C(O)—Cl), Alloc₂O (CH₂═CHCH₂—OC(O)—O—C(O)O—CH₂CH═CH₂), AcCl (CH₃—C(O)—Cl), Ac₂O (CH₃—C(O)—O—C(O)—CH₃), and the like. Wherein the compound of formula (III) is reacted with a Alloc-Cl, or Alloc₂O, the corresponding protecting group Pg₁ is Alloc. Preferably, Pg₁ is selected from Alloc or acetyl.

The compound of formula (IV) is reacted with a suitable substituted compound of formula (V), wherein R_(4a) is R₄ other than hydrogen and wherein J is Br, Cl, or I, a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of a base such as NaH, n-butyl lithium, LDA, LHMDS, and the like, in a polar aprotic solvent such as THF, dioxane, MTBE, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VI). The compound of formula (VI) is then reacted with ClSO₃H, optionally in a polar organic solvent which is inert to ClSO₃H, such as DCM, DCE, acetonitrile, DMF, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VII).

Alternatively, the compound of formula (IV) is reacted with ClSO₃H, optionally in a polar organic solvent which is inert to ClSO₃H, such as DCM, DCE, acetonitrile, DMF, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VII) wherein R₄ is hydrogen.

The compound of formula (VII) is reacted with a reducing agent capable of reducing the chlorosulfonyl group on the compound of formula (VII), such as Zn, and the like, in the presence of an acid such as HCl, H₂SO₄, and the like, in an aprotic solvent such as acetonitrile, THF, dioxane, and the like; or with Zn in the presence of (CH₃)₂SiCl₂ and DMA, in an aprotic organic solvent such as THF, dioxane, acetonitrile, 1,2-dichloroethane, and the like; to yield a mixture of the corresponding compound of formula (VIII) and the corresponding compound of formula (IX).

Alternatively, wherein the compound of formula (VII) Pg₁ is tosyl or MTr, the compound of formula (VII) is reacted with a reducing agent capable of reducing the chlorosulfonyl group on the compound of formula (VII), such as LiAlH₄, and the like, in an organic solvent which is inert to the reducing agent, such as THF, dioxane, and the like, at a temperature in the range of from about room temperature to about reflux, preferably at about reflux, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VIII).

The compound of formula (VIII), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (IX), is de-protected according to known methods, such as those described in Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, ed. J. F. W. McOmie, Plenun Pressm 1973 and T. W. Green and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, 1991, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIII).

Alternatively, the compound of formula (IX), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (VIII), is reacted with a reducing agent which is capable of reducing the disulfide on the compound of formula (IX), such as LiAlH₄, LiBH₄, NaBH₄, and the like, in an organic solvent which is inert to the reducing agent, such as THF, dioxane, and the like, at a temperature in the range of from about room temperature to about reflux, preferably at about room temperature, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VIII), which is preferably not isolated. The compound of formula (VIII) is then de-protected according to known methods, such as those described in Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, ed. J. F. W. McOmie, Plenun Pressm 1973 and T. W. Green and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, 1991, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIII).

Alternatively still, the compound of formula (IX), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (VIII), is de-protected according to known methods, such as those described in Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, ed. J. F. W. McOmie, Plenun Pressm 1973 and T. W. Green and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, 1991, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XII). The compound of formula (XII) is then reacted with a reducing agent which is capable of reducing the disulfide on the compound of formula (XII), such as LiAlH₄, LiBH₄, NaBH₄, and the like, in an organic solvent which is inert to the reducing agent, such as THF, dioxane, and the like, at a temperature in the range of from about room temperature to about reflux, preferably at about room temperature, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIII).

The compound of formula (XIII) reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (X), wherein W is Br, Cl or I, a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of an organic base which is inert to the compound of formula (X), such as TEA, DIPEA, pyridine, and the like or in the presence of an inorganic base which is inert to the compound of formula (X), such as NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃, K₂CO₃, Cs₂CO₃, and the like, in a polar aprotic solvent such as THF, dioxane, DMF, acetonitrile, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (L).

Compounds of formula (L) wherein R₄ is other than hydrogen may alternatively be prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme 3.

Accordingly, a suitably substituted compound of formula (III), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, is reacted (for example, protected) according to known methods, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (IV), wherein Pg₁ is a nitrogen protecting group which is inert to ClSO₃H, such as, Alloc (CH₂═CHCH₂—O—C(O)—), acetyl (CH₃—C(O)—), (C₁₋₄alkyl)-C(O)—, and the like. For example, the compound of formula (III) is reacted with a suitably selected protecting reagent such as Alloc-Cl (CH₂═CHCH₂—O—C(O)—Cl), Alloc₂O (CH₂═CHCH₂—OC(O)—O—C(O)O—CH₂CH═CH₂), AcCl (CH₃—C(O)—Cl), Ac₂O (CH₃—C(O)—O—C(O)—CH₃), and the like. Wherein the compound of formula (III) is reacted with a Alloc-Cl, or Alloc₂O, the corresponding protecting group Pg₁ is Alloc. Preferably, Pg₁ is selected from Alloc or acetyl.

The compound of formula (IV) is reacted with ClSO₃H, optionally in a polar organic solvent which is inert to ClSO₃H, such as DCM, DCE, acetonitrile, DMF, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VIIa) (i.e. the corresponding compound of formula (VII) wherein R⁴ is hydrogen.).

The compound of formula (VIIa) is reacted with a reducing agent capable of reducing the chlorosulfonyl group on the compound of formula (VIIa) such as Zn, and the like, in the presence of an acid such as HCl, H₂SO₄, and the like, in an aprotic solvent such as acetonitrile, THF, dioxane, and the like; or with Zn in the presence of (CH₃)₂SiCl₂ and DMA, in an aprotic organic solvent such as THF, dioxane, acetonitrile, 1,2-dichloroethane, and the like; to yield a mixture of the corresponding compound of formula (VIIIa) (i.e. the corresponding compound of formula (VIII) wherein R⁴ is hydrogen) and the corresponding compound of formula (IXa) (i.e. the corresponding compound of formula (IXa) wherein R₄ is hydrogen).

The compound of formula (VIIIa), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (IXa) is de-protected according to known methods, such as those described in Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, ed. J. F. W. McOmie, Plenun Pressm 1973 and T. W. Green and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, 1991, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIIIa) (i.e. the corresponding compound of formula (XIII) wherein R₄ is hydrogen). The compound of formula (XIIIa) is reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (X), wherein W is Br, Cl or I, a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of an organic base which is inert to the compound of formula (X), such as TEA, DIPEA, pyridine, and the like or in the presence of an inorganic base which is inert to the compound of formula (X), NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃, K₂CO₃, Cs₂CO₃, and the like, in a polar aprotic solvent such as THF, dioxane, DMF, acetonitrile, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (La) (i.e. the corresponding compound of formula (L) wherein R₄ is hydrogen).

Alternatively, the compound of formula (IXa), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (VIIIa), is reacted with a reducing agent which is capable of reducing the disulfide on the compound of formula (IXa), such as LiAlH₄, LiBH₄, NaBH₄, and the like, in an organic solvent which is inert to the reducing agent, such as THF, dioxane, and the like, at a temperature in the range of from about room temperature to about reflux, preferably at about room temperature, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VIIIa). The compound of formula (VIIIa) is then reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (X), wherein W is Br, Cl or I, a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of an organic base which is inert to the compound of formula (X), such as TEA, DIPEA, pyridine, and the like or in the presence of an inorganic base which is inert to the compound of formula (X), NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃, K₂CO₃, Cs₂CO₃, and the like, in a polar aprotic solvent such as THF, dioxane, DMF, acetonitrile, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIa) (i.e. the corresponding compound of formula (XI) wherein R₄ is hydrogen). The compound of formula (XIa) is then reacted to yield the corresponding compound of formula (La). For example, the compound of formula (XIa) is de-protected according to known methods, such as those described in Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, ed. J. F. W. McOmie, Plenun Pressm 1973 and T. W. Green and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, 1991, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (La).

Alternatively still, the compound of formula (IXa), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (VIIIa), is de-protected according to known methods, such as those described in Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, ed. J. F. W. McOmie, Plenun Pressm 1973 and T. W. Green and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, 1991, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIIa) (i.e. the corresponding compound of formula (XII) wherein R₄ is hydrogen). The compound of formula (XIIa) is then reacted with a reducing agent which is capable of reducing the disulfide on the compound of formula (XIIa), such as LiAlH₄, LiBH₄, NaBH₄, and the like, in an organic solvent which is inert to the reducing agent, such as THF, dioxane, and the like, at a temperature in the range of from about room temperature to about reflux, preferably at about room temperature, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIIIa) (i.e. the corresponding compound of formula (XIII) wherein R₄ is hydrogen). The compound of formula (XIIIa) is then reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (X), wherein W is Br, Cl or I, a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of an organic base which is inert to the compound of formula (X), such as TEA, DIPEA, pyridine, and the like or in the presence of an inorganic base which is inert to the compound of formula (X), such as NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃, K₂CO₃, Cs₂CO₃, and the like, in a polar aprotic solvent such as THF, dioxane, DMF, acetonitrile, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (La).

The compound of formula (La) is reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (V), wherein R₄, is R₄ other than hydrogen and wherein J is Br, Cl, or I, a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of a base such as NaH, n-butyl lithium, LDA, LHMDS, and the like, in a polar aprotic solvent such as THF, dioxane, MTBE, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Lb).

Alternatively, the compound of formula (La) is reacted with a suitably substituted acylating agent capable of attaching an —C(O)—R_(4b) group onto the nitrogen of the compound of formula (La), wherein R_(4b) is selected from (C₁₋₄ straight chain alkylene)R₁₅ or (straight chain C₁₋₄alkylene)R₁₆, in the presence of an organic such as TEA, DIPEA, pyridine, and the like, or in the presence of an inorganic base such as NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃, K₂CO₃, Cs₂CO₃, and the like, in a polar aprotic solvent such as THF, dioxane, DMF, acetonitrile, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XVIII); the compound of formula (XVIII) is then reacted with a reducing agent capable of reducing the amide on the compound of formula (XVIII), such as borane, and the like, in a aprotic organic solvent such as THF, dioxane, MTBE, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Lb).

Compounds of formula (L) wherein R₄ is other than hydrogen, (C₁ straight chain alkylene)R₁₅ or (straight chain C₁alkylene)R₁₆ may be prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme 4.

Accordingly, a suitably substituted compound of formula (III), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, is reacted with a suitably substituted acylating capable of attaching an —C(O)O—R_(4b) group onto the nitrogen of the compound of formula (III), wherein R_(4b) is selected from (C₁₋₄ straight chain alkylene)R₁₅ or (straight chain C₁₋₄ alkylene)R₁₆, for example an acid chloride of the formula Cl—C(O)—R_(4b), a symmetric anhydride of the formula R_(4b)—C(O)—O—C(O)—R_(4b), and the like, in the presence of an organic base, preferably a tertiary amine base such as TEA, DIPEA, pyridine, and the like, in an aprotic solvent such as THF, DMF, dioxane, ethyl acetate, and the like; or in the presence of an organic or inorganic base such as NaOH, KOH, Na₂CO₃, NaHCO₃, K₂CO₃, KHCO₃, TEA, DIPEA, pyridine, and the like, in a mixture of an aprotic solvent and water, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIV).

The compound of formula (XIV) is reacted with ClSO₃H, optionally in a polar organic solvent which is inert to ClSO₃H, such as DCM, DCE, acetonitrile, DMF, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XV).

The compound of formula (XV) is reacted with a reducing agent capable of reducing the chlorosulfonyl group on the compound of formula (XV), such as Zn, and the like, in the presence of an acid such as HCl, H₂SO₄, and the like, optionally in an aprotic solvent such as acetonitrile, THF, dioxane, and the like; or with Zn in the presence of (CH₃)₂SiCl₂ and DMA, in an aprotic organic solvent such as THF, dioxane, acetonitrile, 1,2-dichloroethane, and the like; to yield a mixture of the compound of formula (XVI) and the compound of formula (XVII).

One skilled in the art will recognize that when the compound of formula (XV) is reacted with a reducing agent capable of reducing the chlorosulfonyl group and the amide group on the compound of formula (XV), such as LiAlH₄, and the like, in an organic solvent which is inert to the reducing agent, such as THF, dioxane, and the like, at a temperature in the range of from about room temperature to about reflux, preferably at about reflux, then the compound of formula (XV) is reacted to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIIIb) in one step.

The compound of formula (XVI), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (XVII) is reacted with a reducing agent which is capable of reducing the amide on the compound of formula (XVI), such as LiAlH₄, borane, and the like, in an aprotic solvent which is inert to the reducing agent, such as THF, dioxane, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIIIb) (i.e. the corresponding compound of formula (XIII) wherein R₄ is other than hydrogen). Wherein the reducing agent is LiAlH₄, the compound(s) is reduced at a temperature in the range of from about room temperature to about reflux, preferably at about room temperature.

Alternatively, the compound of formula (XVII), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (XVI) is reacted with a reducing agent which is capable of reducing the amide on the compound of formula (XVII) and the disulfide on the compound of formula (XVII), such as LiAlH₄, borane, and the like, in an aprotic solvent which is inert to the reducing agent, such as THF, dioxane, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIIIb). Wherein the reducing agent is LiAlH₄, the compound(s) is reduced at a temperature in the range of from about room temperature to about reflux, preferably at about room temperature.

The compound of formula (XIIIb) is reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (X), wherein W is Br, Cl or I, a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of an organic base which is inert to the compound of formula (X), such as TEA, DIPEA, pyridine, and the like or in the presence of an inorganic base which is inert to the compound of formula (X), such as NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃, K₂CO₃, Cs₂CO₃, and the like, in a polar aprotic solvent such as THF, dioxane, DMF, acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Lc) (i.e. the corresponding compound of formula (L) wherein R₄ is selected from (C₂₋₅ straight chain alkylene)R₁₅ or (straight chain C₂₋₅ alkylene)R₁₆).

The present invention is further directed to a process for the preparation of compounds of formula (I)

wherein R₁, R₂, X, R₃, n, R₄, c, R₅, R₆ and R₇ are as herein defined. The compounds of formula (I) are useful as PPAR alpha agonists, more specifically as selective PPAR alpha agonists. PPAR alpha agonists are useful for the treatment, prevention, or inhibiting the progression of one or more of the following conditions or diseases: phase I hyperlipidemia; pre-clinical hyperlipidemia; phase II hyperlipidemia; hypertension; CAD (coronary artery disease); coronary heart disease; hypertriglyceridemia; lowering serum levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), IDL, and/or small-density LDL and other atherogenic molecules, or molecules that cause atherosclerotic complications, thereby reducing cardiovascular complications; elevating serum levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL); lowering serum levels of triglycerides, LDL, and/or free fatty acids; and/or lowering FPG/HbA1c.

More specifically, the compound of formula (I) may be prepared by reacting a suitably substituted compound of formula (L) with a suitably substituted isocyanate, a compound of the formula (XIX)

according to known methods. One skilled in the art will recognize that in reacting the compound of formula (L) with a suitably substituted isocyanate, a compound of formula (XIX), it may be necessary or desirable to protect reactive groups on the compound of formula (L), according to known methods. For example, it may be necessary or desirable to protect the carboxylic acid or amide on the compound of formula (L) when Q is OH or NH₂, respectively. One skilled in the art will further recognize that wherein the compound of formula (L) Q is OPg², NH or N(Pg³ Pg⁴), the compound of formula (L) is reacted with a suitably substituted isocyanate, a compound of formula (XIX), according to known methods, to yield an intermediate which is then de-protected according to known methods to yield the corresponding compound of formula (I).

In an embodiment of the present invention is a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (L) wherein X is S, R₁ is methyl, R₂ is methyl, Q is OH or OPg², the —X—C(R₁R₂)—C(O)-Q is bound at the 5-position, R₃ is hydrogen, n is 1 and R₄ is ethyl. In another embodiment of the present invention is a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (L) wherein X is S, R₁ is methyl, R₂ is methyl, Q is OPg², Pg² is t-butyl, the —X—C(R₁R₂)—C(O)-Q is bound at the 5-position, R₃ is hydrogen, n is 1 and R₄ is ethyl.

In another embodiment of the present invention is a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, C₁₋₆ester or C₁₋₆amide thereof, wherein X is S, R₁ is methyl, R₂ is methyl, wherein —X—C(R₁R₂)—C(O)—OH is bound at the 5-position, R₃ is hydrogen, n is 1, R₄ is ethyl, c is 0, R₅ is hydrogen, R₆ is trifluoromethoxy and R₇ is hydrogen.

The present invention is further directed to a process for the preparation of the compound of formula (Le)

wherein Q_(b) is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkoxy, wherein the C₁₋₆alkoxy is not substituted with amino. Preferably, Q_(b) is unsubstituted C₁₋₆alkoxy, more preferably, Q_(b) is selected from the group consisting of methoxy, ethoxy and t-butoxy.

More specifically, the compound of formula (Le) may be prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme 5.

Accordingly, a compound of formula (Ld) is reacted with (S)-2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic acid, in an alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, and the like, preferably ethanol; or in acetone, at a temperature in the range of from about 35° C. to about 0° C., to yield the corresponding (R,S) diastereomeric salt, the compound of formula (XX).

The (R,S) diastereomeric salt, the compound of formula (XX), is reacted with an inorganic base such as NaOH, KOH, Na₂CO₃, K₂CO₃, and the like to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Le).

Preferably, the compound of formula (Le) is prepared with an enantiomeric excess in the range of from about 70% ee to about 90% ee. One skilled in the art will recognize that wherein a greater % ee is desired, the diasteromeric salt of the compound of formula (Le) may be further re-slurrried in or recrystallized from an organic solvent such as methanol, ethanol, acetone, and the like.

The compound of formula (Le) may alternatively be prepared according to the process outlined in Scheme 6.

Accordingly, a compound of formula (Ld) is reacted with (R)-2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic acid, in acetone, at a temperature greater than about 35° C., preferably at a temperature greater than about 45° C.; or in THF at about room temperature; to yield the corresponding (R,R) diastereomeric salt, the compound of formula (XXI).

The (R,R) diastereomeric salt, the compound of formula (XXI), is reacted with an inorganic base such as NaOH, KOH, Na₂CO₃, K₂CO₃, and the like to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Le).

Preferably, the compound of formula (Le) is prepared with an enantiomeric excess in the range of from about 70% ee to about 90% ee. One skilled in the art will recognize that wherein a greater % ee is desired, the diasteromeric salt of the compound of formula (Le) may be further re-slurrried in or recrystallized from an organic solvent such as methanol, ethanol, acetone, and the like.

One skilled in the art will further recognize that the S-enantiomer of the compound of formula (Ld), a compound of formula (Lf)

may be similarly prepared by reacting a compound of formula (Ld) with (R)-2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic acid, in an alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, and the like, preferably ethanol; or in acetone, at a temperature in the range of from about 35° C. to about 0° C.; to yield the corresponding (S,R) diastereomeric salt which is then reacted with an inorganic base such as NaOH, KOH, Na₂CO₃, K₂CO₃, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Lf).

Alternatively, the S-enantiomer of the compound of formula (Ld) (i.e. the compound of formula (Lf)) may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (Ld) with (S)-2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic acid, in acetone, at a temperature greater than about 35° C., preferably at a temperature greater than about 45° C.; or in THF at about room temperature; to yield the corresponding (S,S) diastereomeric salt which is then reacted with an inorganic base such as NaOH, KOH, Na₂CO₃, K₂CO₃, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Lf).

The present invention is further directed to a novel crystalline salt of the compound of formula (IIa)

more specifically a crystalline N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine (benzathine) salt of the compound of formula (IIa). In an embodiment of the present invention is a crystalline N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine salt of the compound of formula (IIa) wherein the ratio of the compound of formula (IIa) to the N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine is 1:1.

The crystalline benzathine salt of the compound of formula (IIa) may be characterized by the major peaks of its X-ray diffraction peaks, as listed in Table 1, below. The X-ray diffraction pattern was measured as follows. The crystalline benzathine salt of the compound of formula (IIa) was backloaded into a conventional X-ray holder. Using an X-Celerator detector, the sample was scanned from 3 to 35 °2θ at a step size of 0.0165 °2θ and a time per step of 10.16 seconds. The effective scan speed was 0.2067°/s. Instrument voltage and current settings of 45 kV and 40 mA were employed.

TABLE 1 XRD - Compound of formula (IIa) Benzathine Salt Position [°2θ] d-spacing [Å] Relative Intensity [%] 6.3894 13.8336 17.39 8.0423 10.9938 13.38 12.157 7.2803 19.22 16.012 5.5354 15.74 17.929 4.9475 20.77 18.048 4.9151 14.20 19.038 4.6618 100.00 19.2656 4.6072 26.28 20.325 4.3694 10.65 21.943 4.0508 16.85 22.190 4.0063 18.63 22.330 3.9815 12.37

The present invention is further directed to a process for the preparation of the benzathine salt of the compound of formula (IIa). More particularly, the compound of formula (IIa) is reacted with N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, in an aprotic solvent such as isopropyl acetate, ethyl acetate, MTBE, and the like, preferably in isopropyl acetate, preferably, at a temperature less than about 5° C., more preferably, at a temperature in the range of from about 5° C. to about −5° C., yield the corresponding N,N′-dibenzylethylenediame (benzathine) salt of the compound of formula (IIa).

The following Examples are set forth to aid in the understanding of the invention, and are not intended and should not be construed to limit in any way the invention set forth in the claims which follow thereafter.

Example 1 N-Indan-2-yl-acetamide

To a cooled mixture of 2-aminoindan (1.2 mol, 160.00 g) in ethyl acetate (1019 mL) at about 5-7° C. was added a solution of Na₂CO₃ (2.4 mol, 254.65 g) in water (1528 mL) while stirring, followed by the addition of a solution of acetyl chloride (1.32 mol, 109.19 g) slowly over 2 hours. The reaction temperature was maintained below 10° C. by adjusting the addition rate. During the addition, a suspension was formed. After the addition of acetyl chloride, the mixture was stirred at the room temperature for 1 hour. The precipitated solid was collected by vacuum filtration and the filter cake was washed with water (200 mL), EtOAc (200 mL), and air-dried for 48 hours. The first crop of the product was obtained as a white crystalline solid.

The filtrate was placed in a separatory funnel and the aqueous layer was separated. The organic layer was washed once with water (500 mL) and once with brine (500 mL). The ethyl acetate layer was evaporated in vacuo to half of its original volume and then diluted with heptane (1000 mL) while stirring to produce a white suspension. The solid was collected by vacuum filtration and washed twice with portions of heptane (300 mL). The second crop of the product was obtained as white crystalline solid.

mp 127-129° C.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.13 (m, 4H), 6.99 (br d, 1H), 4.57 (m, 1H), 3.19 (dd, J=16.1, 7.3 Hz, 2H), 2.78 (dd, J=16.0, 5.1 Hz, 2H), 1.85 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 170.7, 141.4, 127.01, 125.1, 51.0, 41.2, 23.5.

MS (ESI): m/z 176.2 (MH⁺).

Elemental Analysis for C₁₁H₁₃NO:

Calculated: C, 75.40; H, 7.48; N, 7.99.

Found: C, 75.13; H, 7.73; N, 7.96.

Example 2 2-Acetylamino-indan-5-sulfonyl chloride

To a 2 L 3-necked glass reaction flask equipped with stirrer, condenser, thermocouple, 500 mL addition funnel and nitrogen inlet was added N-acetyl-2-aminoindan (0.96 mol, 167.70 g) and acetonitrile (490 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred and cooled in an ice-bath to about 3-5° C. and ClSO₃H (3.83 mol, 440 g) was added slowly. The first 30% of the reagent was added over 30 minutes while maintaining the reaction temperature below 15° C. The ice-bath was then removed and the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature. The remaining 70% of the reagent was added over 30 minutes and the temperature of the reaction solution rose to 80° C. at the end of the addition. The yellow reaction solution was stirred at 50° C. for about 20 hours. The reaction solution was cooled to 30° C. and slowly poured into a vigorously stirred mixture of ice (1620 g), water (945 mL), and acetonitrile (135 mL) in an ice-bath over about 10-15 minutes. The temperature of the quenching mixture dropped from 5° C. to −6° C. A white solid precipitated and the mixture was stirred at about 0-5° C. for 30 minutes. The solid was collected by vacuum filtration and slurried 4 times with a cold mixture of water (4×300 mL). The pH of the last slurry was around 2-3. The solid was then slurried with cold acetone (300 mL) (5-7° C.), collected by filtration, and finally rinsed with of cold acetone (200 mL). The solid product was air-dried for 4 hours, followed by drying in a vacuum oven at room temperature for 48 hours. The product was obtained as a white solid.

mp 158-160° C.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d⁶) δ 8.53 (br s, 1H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 7.44 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.45 (br m, 1H), 3.15 (m, 2H), 2.77 (dd, J=16.2, 5.7 Hz, 2H), 1.85 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d⁶) 6169.6, 145.3, 142.3, 140.9, 123.9, 123.7, 121.6, 50.2, 38.6, 38.4, 22.2.

MS (ESI): m/z 274.0 (MH⁺)

Elemental Analysis for C₁₁H₁₂ClNO₃S.0.1H₂O:

Calculated: C, 47.95; H, 4.47; Cl, 12.87; N, 5.09; S, 11.64; KF, 0.66%.

Found: C, 47.61; H, 4.49; Cl, 12.50; N, 5.13; S, 11.50; KF, 0.67%.

Example 3 N-(5-Mercapto-indan-2-yl)-acetamide

A suspension of zinc (22.94 g, 0.35 mol) and 2-acetylamino-indan-5-sulfonyl chloride (93% weight) (29.45 g, 0.10 mol) in acetonitrile (200 mL) in a 1 Liter four-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a condenser, a thermometer, an addition funnel, and a mechanical stirrer was heated to about 50-60° C. The heating source was removed and to the warm suspension was added concentrated HCl (59.20 g, 0.60 mol) slowly over 1 hour. The addition rate was adjusted to maintain the reaction temperature between about 70-75° C. A gentle gas (H₂) evolution was observed throughout the addition of HCl. The reaction was then cooled to about 30-36° C. over 30 minutes while stirring. The reaction mixture was filtered into a 500 mL one-necked round-bottomed flask through a frited glass funnel to remove the Zn residue. The reaction flask was rinsed with EtOAc (25 mL). The mixture was concentrated on a rotavapor under reduced pressure at about 45-50° C. bath temperature to remove most of the organic solvents. The concentrated aqueous solution was mixed with of EtOAc (150 mL), followed by the addition of H₂O (75 mL). After stirring for 15 minutes, the layers were separated. The organic layer was washed four times with H₂O (3×75 mL). After separation of layers, the organic layer was concentrated on a rotavapor at 60° C. to ¼ of its original volume (about 40 mL). Most of the precipitated white solid was dissolved by heating to reflux. The mixture was then diluted with MTBE (75 mL). The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 18 hours. The solid product was collected by vacuum filtration, washed with MTBE (20 mL), dried under nitrogen for 4 hours, then in a vacuum oven at about 40-45° C. for 24 h. The product was obtained as an off-white solid.

mp 128-129.5° C.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d⁶) δ 8.12 (br d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 7.08 (br s, 2H), 5.18 (s, 1H), 4.41 (m, 1H), 3.09 (m, 2H), 2.69 (m, 2H), 1.79 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d⁶) 6168.9, 142.4, 138.2, 129.2, 126.6, 125.0, 124.8, 49.9, 38.9, 38.5, 22.5.

MS (ESI): m/z 208.2 (MH⁺)

Elemental Analysis for C₁₁H₁₃NOS:

Calculated: C, 63.73; H, 6.32; N, 6.76; S, 15.47.

Found: C, 63.48; H, 6.50; N, 6.64; S, 15.56.

Example 4 N-[5-(2-Acetylamino-indan-5-yldisulfanyl)-indan-2-yl]-acetamide

To a suspension of zinc (28.60 g, 0.44 mol) and 2-acetylamino-indan-5-sulfonyl chloride (40.00 g, 0.146 mol) in acetonitrile (400 mL) in a three-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer, an addition funnel, and a thermometer was added a solution of dichlorodimethylsilane (44.2 mL, 0.365 mol) in acetonitrile (50 mL) at room temperature over 1 hour. The reaction temperature increased to 66° C. during the addition. After addition, the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 hours and some solids were formed.

THF (100 mL) was added to dissolve the suspension and the excess Zn was removed by decantation and rinsed with THF (20 mL. The crude ACN/THF solution was extracted with heptane (3×300 mL) to remove the silane byproducts. The ACN/THF layer was concentrated and re-dissolved in EtOAc (300 mL) and H₂O (150 mL). The mixture was stirred for 10 minutes and the layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with H₂O (2×200 mL), brine (200 mL), and then concentrated to the half of its original volume. The solution was diluted with toluene (200 mL) and concentrated again to remove all EtOAc. The suspension in toluene was warmed to 90° C. for 15 minutes and stirred at room temperature for 20 hours. The solid product was collected by vacuum filtration, rinsed with toluene (20 mL), air-dried for 2 hours, and further dried in a vacuum oven at 60° C. for 2 days. The product was obtained as an off-white solid.

mp 165-168° C. (soften at 137° C.)

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d⁶) δ 8.13 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (s, 2H), 7.30 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 4.42 (br m, 2H), 3.15 (m, 2H), 3.11 (m, 2H), 2.71 (dd, J=16.2, 5.3 Hz, 4H), 1.78 (s, 6H).

¹³C NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d⁶) δ 168.8, 142.9, 141.4, 133.7, 126.1, 125.3, 124.0, 49.9, 38.9, 38.6, 22.5.

MS (ESI): m/z 413.1 (MH⁺)

Example 5 tert-Butyl 2-(2-ethylamino-indan-5-ylsulfanyl)-2-methyl-propionate

N-(5-Mercapto-indan-2-yl)-acetamide (330.0 g, 1.59 mol) was dissolved in a warm THF (1.65 L) at 50° C. The solution was then slowly added to LAH solution (1 M in THF) (2.385 L, 2.385 mol) at about 60-66° C. over 25 minutes to allow gentle reflux and slow gas evolution. After addition, the light yellow suspension was stirred under reflux for 4 hours. The reaction was cooled to about 5-7° C. in an ice-water bath. The reaction was quenched by the slow addition of methanol (203.7 g, 6.36 mol) under a nitrogen atmosphere and the reaction temperature was maintained below 25° C. by adjusting the addition rate. After quenching, the resulted green suspension was cooled to 5-7° C. and treated with tert-butyl 2-bromo-2-methylpropionate (354.7 g, 1.59 mol). The resulted mixture was warmed to room temperature while stirring and then maintained with stirring at room temperature for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was treated by the slow addition of H₂O (90.6 mL) and 15% of aqueous NaOH (90.6 mL) sequentially. The resulted granular solid was removed by vacuum filtration through a 3 L coarse frit funnel lined with Celite filter aid. The filter cake was rinsed twice with THF (2×500 mL). The combined filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to remove about 70-80% of THF. The filter cake was suspended in EtOAc (2 L) and stirred for 30 minutes. The suspension was filtered through a 3 L coarse frit funnel. The filtrate was combined with the crude concentrated THF solution obtained above. The combined organic layer was washed with H₂O (2 L). After separation of layers, the organic layer was concentrated in vacuo at 50° C. to remove the most of volatiles. The concentrated solution was diluted with anhydrous ethanol (800 mL) and re-concentrated to yield a purple oil. The crude product was used for the next step without further purification.

MS (ESI): m/z 336.1 (MH⁺)

Example 6 (S)-2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic acid

To (R)-2-chloropropionic acid (200 g, 1.81 mol) was added a solution of 50% NaOH (147.4 g, 1.84 mol) in water (520 mL) with the internal temperature below 25° C. In another flask, water (800 mL) and hydroquinone (811.8 g, 7.38 mol) were mixed. To the water/hydroquinone mixture was added 50% NaOH (1179.6 g, 14.71 mol), then the above (R)-2-chloropropionate sodium salt solution was added to the mixture, keeping the internal temperature below 55° C. The reaction mixture was heated at about 55-60° C. for an additional 2 h.

The reaction mixture was then cooled down to 5° C. To the reaction mixture was added concentrated HCl (1090 mL, 13.28 mol) while maintaining the temperature at about 15-30° C. to adjust the pH to about 4.3. The excess solid hydroquinone was removed by extraction with methyl isobutyl ketone three times (1200 mL, 200 mL×2). The resulting aqueous layer was further acidified to pH 1 with concentrated HCl (140 mL, 1.7 mol). Most of the (S)-2-(4-hydroxylphenoxy)propionic acid became solid at this point. (S)-2-(4-hydroxylphenoxy)propionic acid was then extracted into isopropyl acetate (800 mL and 400 mL). Water (325 mL) was added to the isopropyl acetate solution and the isopropyl acetate was removed azeotropically. The aqueous solution was adjusted to pH about 2.2 with 50% NaOH, then cooled down slowly to 20° C. The crude solid was collected by vacuum filtration and the filter cake was washed with small amount of water. The crude solid was recrystallized from water (230 mL) to yield the title compound as a white granular solid of 100% ee.

mp 139-140° C.

Optical rotation: [α]²⁰ _(D)=−38.5 (c 1.0, MeOH)

MS: m/z (ESI−): 181.12 (M-H)⁻, m/z (ESI+): 204.96 (M+Na)⁺

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d⁶) δ 12.85 (br s, 1H), 8.95 (br s, 1H), 6.68 (m, 4H), 4.62 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 1.44 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H).

¹³C NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d⁶) δ 173.8, 151.9, 150.6, 116.4, 116.0, 72.7, 18.7,

FTIR (KBr): 3211 (br.), 1716, 1516, 1454, 1416, 1377, 1330, 1263, 1233, 1176, 1136, 1098, 1045, 946, 918, 861, 826, 766, 712, 697, 673, 638, 563, 508 cm⁻¹.

Elemental Analysis for C₉H₁₀O₄:

Calculated: C, 59.34; H, 5.93.

Found: C, 59.24; H, 5.83.

Example 7 (R)-(−)-tert-Butyl 2-(2-ethylamino-indan-5-ylsulfanyl)-2-methyl-propionate, (S)-(−)-2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic acid salt

A solution of (S)-(−)-2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic acid (46.7 g) in 95% EtOH (200 mL) was warmed to about 30-35° C. To the solution was added a solution of the crude dark purple oil prepared in Example 5 above (94.5 g, 0.25 mol, 89% pure) in 95% EtOH (227 mL). After addition, the mixture was stirred and cooled down to 0° C. at the rate of less than 5° C. per hour. The suspension was then stirred at 0° C. for 2 hours, the solid was collected by vacuum filtration.

The crude solid with 86% ee was dissolved in 95% ethanol (165 mL) at 60° C. The solution was cooled slowly to 20° C. and stirred at this temperature for 18 hours. The solid was collected by vacuum filtration to yield the product as a white granular solid with 99.5% ee.

mp 145.6-147.0° C.

Optical rotation: [α]²⁰ _(D)=−22.8 (c 1.0, MeOH).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d⁶) δ 7.26 (m, 3H), 6.62 (m, 4H), 4.35 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 3.14 (m, 2H), 3.74 (p, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.87 (dd, J=6.7 Hz, 16.3 Hz, 2H), 2.76 (q, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.36 (s, 9H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.34 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.10 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H).

¹³C NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d⁶) 6175.8, 172.4, 151.5, 151.2, 142.3, 141.3, 135.5, 132.9, 129.4, 125.0, 115.9, 115.7, 80.7, 74.8, 57.4, 51.2, 41.0, 36.4, 27.8, 26.1, 19.3, 12.3.

FTIR (KBr): 2980, 2934, 1717, 1629, 1576, 1510, 1458, 1405, 1368, 1279, 1257, 1230, 1148, 1121, 1101, 1044, 848, 830, 801, 758, 679, 643, 525 cm⁻¹.

Elemental Analysis for C₂₈H₃₉NO₆S.0.43 EtOH:

Calculated: C, 64.19; H, 7.66; N, 2.13; S: 5.49.

Found: C, 64.12; H, 7.87; N, 2.18; S: 5.89.

Example 8 (R)-(−)-tert-Butyl 2-(2-ethylamino-indan-5-ylsulfanyl)-2-methyl-propionate

The diastereomeric salt prepared in Example 7 above (357 g, 0.635 mol) was charged into a mixture of isopropyl acetate (2 L) and 50% of NaOH (102 g, 1.28 mol) in water (0.8 L). The mixture was stirred until all solids dissolved. After removal of the bottom aqueous layer, the isopropyl acetate layer was washed with water 3 times until the pH of the aqueous phase was about 7. The organic solution was concentrated at 60° C. to remove about ¾ of the isopropyl acetate. 1 L of fresh isopropyl acetate was added and the amount of residual water in the solution was assayed by KF. The solution was used for the next step directly.

An analytical sample was obtained as clear oil by simple concentration of a small amount of the crude solution.

Optical Rotation: [α]²⁰ _(D)=−17.1 (c 1.0, MeOH).

MS (APCI): m/z 336.3 (MH⁺).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d⁶) δ 7.26 (s, 1H), 7.19 (m, 2H), 3.50 (p, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 3.04 (dt, J=16 Hz, 6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.64 (m, 2H), 2.57 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.36 (s, 9H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.01 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H).

¹³C NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d⁶) δ 172.0, 143.8, 142.8, 134.5, 132.6, 128.2, 124.6, 80.2, 59.2, 50.7, 41.7, 39.3, 27.4, 25.7, 15.2.

FTIR (ReactIR, neat): 2971, 2933, 2838, 1721, 1474, 1461, 1385, 1366, 1343, 1275, 1256, 1146, 1121, 1036, 1009, 942, 847, 820, 752, 706 cm⁻¹.

Elemental Analysis for C₁₉H₂₉NO₂S:

Calculated: C, 68.02; H, 8.71; N, 4.17; S, 9.56.

Found: C, 67.94, H, 8.93; N, 4.09; S, 9.54.

Example 9 (R)-(+)-tert-Butyl 2-{2-[1-ethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-ureido]-indan-5-ylsulfanyl}-2-methyl-propionate

To a solution of tert-butyl 2-(2-ethylamino-indan-5-ylsulfanyl)-2-methyl-propionate (182 g, 0.544 mol) was added 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl isocyanate (115 g, 0.556 mol) and the reaction temperature was maintained at about 15-20° C. After addition, the clear solution was stirred for 15 minutes at about 15-20° C. The solution was used for the next step directly.

An analytical sample was obtained as a white solid by simple concentration of a small amount of the crude solution.

mp 95.4-97.8° C.

Optical rotation: [α]²⁰ _(D)=+3.4 (c 1.0, MeOH).

MS (APCI): m/z 280.2 (30%), 306.2 (100%), 437.3 (50%), 483.1 (20%).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d⁶) δ 8.48 (s, 1H), 7.61 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 2H), 7.27 (m, 5H), 4.91 (p, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 3.37 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.08 (m, 4H), 1.38 (s, 9H), 1.36 (s, 6H), 1.09 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 3H).

¹³C NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d⁶) δ 15.5, 26.1, 27.8, 36.6, 38.4, 51.2, 56.8, 80.7, 120.6 (q, J=225 Hz, OCF₃), 121.4, 121.5, 124.9, 129.1, 132.8, 135.3, 140.2, 142.3, 143.0, 143.3, 154.9, 172.5,

FTIR (KBr): 3297, 2974, 2933, 1724, 1636, 1605, 1511, 1419, 1369, 1270, 1229, 1198, 1148, 1122, 845, 817, 756, 561 cm⁻¹.

Elemental Analysis for C₂₇H₃₃F₃N₂O₄S:

Calculated: C, 60.21; H, 6.18; N, 5.20; F, 10.58; S, 5.95.

Found: C, 59.87; H, 6.22; N, 5.08; F, 10.86; S, 5.94.

Example 10 (R)-(+)-2-{2-[1-Ethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-ureido]-indan-5-ylsulfanyl}-2-methyl-propionic acid

To a solution of tert-butyl 2-{2-[1-ethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-ureido]-indan-5-ylsulfanyl}-2-methyl-propionate (288 g, 0.534 mol) was added a solution of sulfuric acid (535 g, 5.34 mol) in isopropyl acetate (0.7 L) while maintaining the reaction temperature at about 15-20° C. The clear solution was stirred at 15° C. for 1 hour after the addition. To the reaction mixture was added cold water (0.94 L). After removal of the acidic aqueous layer, the isopropyl acetate layer was washed until the pH of the aqueous layer reached 3. The solution was used in the next step without isolation.

An analytical sample was obtained as a white foam by simple concentration of a small amount of the crude solution.

mp 57° C.

Optical rotation: [α]²⁰ _(D)=+ 7.7 (c 1.0, MeOH).

MS (APCI): m/z: 483.1 (MH⁺).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d⁶) δ 12.43 (br s, 1H), 8.49 (s, 1H), 7.61 (d, J=9.5, 2H), 7.27 (m, 5H), 4.91 (p, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.39 (m, 2H), 3.08 (m, 4H), 1.38 (s, 6H), 1.10 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3H).

¹³C NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d⁶) δ175.2, 154.9, 143.2, 143.0, 142.3, 140.2, 135.1, 132.6, 129.4, 125.0, 121.5, 121.3, 120.6 (q, J=255 Hz, OCF₃), 56.8, 51.0, 38.4, 36.5, 26.0, 15.5.

FTIR (KBr): 3395, 2977, 2935, 1703, 1641, 1511, 1420, 1265, 1200, 1161, 1016, 841, 815, 755 cm⁻¹.

Elemental Analysis for C₂₃H₂₅F₃N₂O₄S:

Calculated: C, 57.25; H, 5.22; N, 5.81; F, 11.81; S, 6.65.

Found: C, 57.00; H, 5.47; N, 5.41; F, 11.75; S, 6.23.

Example 11

(R)-(+)-2-{2-[1-Ethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-ureido]-indan-5-ylsulfanyl}-2-methyl-propionic acid, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine salt

Seeds Preparation:

N,N′-Dibenzylethylenediamine (0.26 g, 1.08 mmol) was added to t-butyl methyl ether solution of 2-{2-[1-ethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-ureido]-indan-5-ylsulfanyl}-2-methyl-propionic acid (0.52 g, 1.08 mmol). iPrOAc was added to the resulted cloudy solution. The solution was kept in the refrigerator overnight (˜20 hours). The solids precipitated were collected by filtration. ¹H NMR analysis and the melting point measurement of the isolated solids confirmed the formation of the salt with 1:1 mole ratio of acid and N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine.

Salt Preparation:

A solution of 2-{2-[1-ethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-ureido]-indan-5-ylsulfanyl}-2-methyl-propionic acid (218.51 g, 0.453 mol) in isopropyl acetate (859 mL) was cooled to about −5 to 0° C. and N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine (112 g, 0.453 mol) was added over 1 hour. The internal reaction temperature was maintained under 0° C. Heptane (513 mL) was added to the solution until the solution became cloudy. The seeds were added while stirring. The cloudy mixture changed to a uniform suspension within one hour. Additional heptane (60 mL) was then added. After stirred for 1 h, more heptane (180 mL) was added. The suspension was stirred overnight (18 hours) at 0° C.

The solid was filtered and rinsed with a chilled mixture of iPrOAc/heptane (1/2, 90 mL). The solid was air-dried at the ambient temperature overnight to yield a solid with 99.1% ee.

mp 99-102° C.

Optical rotation: [α]²⁰ _(D)=+ 7.7 (c 1.0, MeOH).

MS (APCI): m/z 483.8 (MH⁺).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d⁶) δ 8.54 (s, 1H), 7.63 (m, 2H), 7.28 (m, 15H), 6.99 (br s, 3H), 4.91 (p, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (s, 4H), 3.37 (q, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 3.05 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 4H), 2.77 (s, 4H), 1.33 (s, 6H), 1.09 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3H).

¹³C NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d⁶) δ176.6, 154.9, 142.9, 142.1, 141.9, 140.3, 138.8, 134.7, 132.2, 131.3, 128.8, 128.5, 127.4, 124.7, 121.4, 121.4, 120.2 (q, J=255 Hz, OCF₃), 56.8, 52.9, 52.2, 46.7, 38.3, 36.5, 36.4, 27.3, 15.5.

FTIR (KBr): 3310 (broad), 2972, 2849, 1638, 1606, 1539, 1510, 1458, 1418, 1389, 1351, 1264, 1244, 1199, 1162, 842, 816, 748, 698.81, 668 cm⁻¹.

Elemental Analysis for C₃₉H₄₅F₃N₄O₄S:

Calculated: C, 64.80; H, 6.27; N, 7.75; F 7.88; S, 4.44.

Found: C, 64.65; H, 6.35; N, 7.61; F, 8.12; S, 4.51.

Example 12 (S)-(+)-tert-Butyl 2-(2-ethylamino-indan-5-ylsulfanyl)-2-methyl-propionate, (S)-(−)-2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic acid salt

Racemic tert-Butyl 2-(2-ethylamino-indan-5-ylsulfanyl)-2-methyl-propionate (0.30 mmol) and (S)-(−)-2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic acid (0.30 mmol) were mixed into THF (2 mL) and heated to 50° C. to a clear solution. The reaction mixture was then cooled to the ambient temperature and stirred overnight. White crystalline solid precipitated and determined to be the enriched diastereomeric salt (S)-(+)-tert-Butyl 2-(2-ethylamino-indan-5-ylsulfanyl)-2-methyl-propionate and (S)-(−)-2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic acid at 48% ee by chiral HPLC.

Example 13 (S)-(+)-tert-Butyl 2-(2-ethylamino-indan-5-ylsulfanyl)-2-methyl-propionate, (S)-(−)-2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic acid salt

Racemic tert-Butyl 2-(2-ethylamino-indan-5-ylsulfanyl)-2-methyl-propionate (17 g, 51 mmol) and (S)-(−)-2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic acid (4.6 g, 25 mmol) were dissolved in acetone (55 mL), each separately. The solutions were then mixed and stirred at the ambient temperature overnight. The resulting thick suspension was heated to 55° C. for 6 h, 40° C. for 18 h, then heated to 50° C. and filtered to yield a solid which was determined to be enriched with the diastereomeric salt (S)-(+)-tert-Butyl 2-(2-ethylamino-indan-5-ylsulfanyl)-2-methyl-propionate and (S)-(−)-2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic at 22% ee. The enriched salt was re-crystallized from acetone twice, to yield the title compound salt (S,S) salt in 94% ee.

¹H NMR for 94% ee sample (300 MHz, DMSO-d⁶) δ 7.26 (m, 3H), 6.62 (m, 4H), 4.35 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 3.14 (m, 2H), 3.74 (p, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.87 (dd, J=6.7 Hz, 16.3 Hz, 2H), 2.76 (q, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.36 (s, 9H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.34 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.10 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H).

m.p. for 80% ee sample isolated after first recrystallization as described above: 157-159° C. (DSC)

Example 14 2-{6-[1-Ethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)ureido]-3-methoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthale-2-ylsulfanyl}-2-methylpropionic acid

STEP A. 7-Methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylamine

To a solution of 7-methoxy-2-tetralone (12.4 g; 70.7 mmol) dissolved in MeOH (350 mL) was added ammonium acetate (82 g; 1.06 mol) and the reaction was stirred for 30 min at room temperature. To the reaction was then added sodium cyanoborohydride (21.5 g; 353 mmol) and the reaction was refluxed for 1 h. Upon completion of the reaction, the reaction was cooled and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The residue was diluted with EtOAc and 1 N NaOH was added to quench the reaction. The aqueous phase was separated and the organic phase washed with H₂O, brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and the solvent removed under reduced pressure to yield 7-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronapthalen-2-ylamine as a dark oil.

MS, m/z: 178 (M+1) C₁₁H₁₅NO.

STEP B. N-(7-Methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)-acetamide

To a stirred suspension of 7-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronapthalen-2-ylamine (2.54 g; 14.3 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) was added DIEA (3.4 mL) and the reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. Acetyl chloride (1.22 mL; 17.1 mmol) was added dropwise at 0° C. and the reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature, then stirred for 18 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂, washed with H₂O, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent removed under reduced pressure to yield a crude solid. Purification by flash chromatography (SiO₂) eluting with hexanes-EtOAc yielded N-(7-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)-acetamide as a white solid.

MS, m/z: 220 (M+1) C₁₃H₁₇NO₂.

STEP C. 6-Acetylamino-3-methoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene-2-sulfonyl chloride

To chlorosulfonic acid (15 mL), cooled to −10° C. was added N-(7-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)-acetamide (1.44 g; 6.6 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at −10° C. for 15 min and quenched carefully by pouring over ice-water. The aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×), the organic extracts combined, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure to yield 6-acetylamino-3-methoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene-2-sulfonyl chloride as a white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.68 (s, 1H), 6.78 (s, 1H), 5.53-5.56 (m, 1H), 4.22-4.31 (m, 1H), 4.00 (s, 3H), 3.18-3.26 (dd, 1H), 2.86-2.90 (m, 2H), 2.67-2.76 (dd, 1H), 2.04-2.12 (m, 1H), 2.00 (s, 1H), 1.73-1.82 (m, 2H).

MS, m/z: 318 (M+1) C₁₃H₁₆ClNO₄S.

STEP D. N-(6-Mercapto-7-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2yl)acetamide

To a suspension of zinc dust (1.16 g; 17.7 mmol) and dimethylsilyl dichloride (2.4 mL; 17.7 mmol) in MeCN (40 mL) was added a solution of 6-acetylamino-3-methoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene-2-sulfonyl chloride (1.13 g; 3.55 mmol) in MeCN/DCE (40/10 mL), at room temperature. The reaction suspension was then heated at 81° C. for 4 h, cooled to room temperature, filtered and the solvent evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude residue was purified by reverse-phase semi-prep HPLC eluting with a MeCN—H₂O gradient to yield N-(6-mercapto-7-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)acetamide as a white solid and N-[6-(6-acetylamino-3-methoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yldisulfanyl)-7-methoxy-1,2,3,4,-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl]acetamide as a tan solid.

MS, m/z: 252 (M+1; S—H)C₁₃H₁₇NO₂S & 501 (M+1; S—S)C₂₆H₃₂N₂O₄S₂.

STEP E. 2-(6-Acetylamino-3-methoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl)-2-methylpropionic acid tert-butyl ester

To a suspension of N-[6-(6-acetylamino-3-methoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yldisulfanyl)-7-methoxy-1,2,3,4,-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl]acetamide (0.368 g; 0.73 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was added DMF (3 mL), K₂CO₃ (0.31 g; 2.26 mmol), tert-butyl 2-bromoisobutyrate (0.66 mL; 2.95 mmol) and NaBH₄ (0.28 g; 7.34 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 18 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and H₂O, the aqueous phase extracted with EtOAc, the organic extracts combined, washed with H₂O, brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent removed under reduced pressure to yield a crude oil, which was purified by reverse-phase semi-prep HPLC eluting with a MeCN—H₂O gradient to yield 2-(6-acetylamino-3-methoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl)-2-methylpropionic acid tert-butyl ester as an oil.

MS, m/z: 338 (M+1) C₂₁H₃₁NO₄S.

STEP F. 2-(6-Ethylamino-3-methoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl)-2-methylpropionic acid tert-butyl ester

To a solution of 2-(6-acetylamino-3-methoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl)-2-methylpropionic acid tert-butyl ester (0.68 g; 1.74 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was added a solution of 1.0 M borane-THF (15 mL), dropwise at room temperature. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 18 h at room temperature, then carefully quenched with MeOH (10 mL) and the solvent evaporated under reduced pressure. The residual oil was further azeotroped with MeOH (3×) to yield a mixture of 2-(6-ethylamino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl)-2-methylpropionic acid tert-butyl ester and it's borane complex as an oil.

MS, m/z: 380 (M+1) C₂₁H₃₃NO₃S.

STEP G. 2-{6-[1-Ethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)ureido]-3-methoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl}-2-methylpropionic acid tert butyl ester

To a mixture of 2-(6-ethylamino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl)-2-methylpropionic acid tert-butyl ester and borane complex (0.054 g; 0.141 mmol) dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) was added 4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl isocyanate (0.063 mL; 0.284 mmol) and the reaction mixture as stirred at room temperature for 18 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude residue was purified by reverse-phase semi-prep HPLC eluting with a MeCN—H₂O gradient to yield 2-{6-[1-ethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)ureido]-3-methoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl}-2-methylpropionic acid tert butyl ester as an oil.

MS, M/Z: 527 ((M-C₄H₈)+1) C₂₉H₃₇F₃N₂O₅S.

STEP H. 2-{6-[1-Ethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)ureido]-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl}-2-methylpropionic acid

To 2-{6-[1-ethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)ureido]-3-methoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl}-2-methylpropionic acid tert butyl ester (0.02 g; 0.03 mmol) dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (1.5 mL) was added TFA (1.5 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by reverse-phase semi-prep HPLC eluting with a MeCN—H₂O gradient to yield 2-{6-[1ethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)ureido]-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl}-2-methylpropionic acid as a white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 7.45-7.48 (d, 2H), 7.15-7.18 (m, 3H), 6.71 (s, 1H), 4.43-4.79 (m, 1H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.43-3.45 (m, 2H), 2.88-3.08 (m, 4H), 1.99-2.03 (m, 2H), 1.38 (s, 6H), 1.25-1.52 (t, 3H).

MS, m/z: 526 (M+1) C₂₅H₂₉F₃N₂O₅S.

The following compounds were similarly prepared according to the procedure described in Example 14 above with selection and substitution of suitable reagents and reaction conditions.

Example 15 2-{6-[3-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)1-ethylureido]-3-methoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl}-2-methylpropionic acid

Prepared as an oil by replacing 4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl isocyanate with 4-tert-butylphenyl isocyanate in Step G above.

MS, m/z: 499 (M+1) C₂₈H₃₈N₂O₄S.

Example 16 2-{6-[1-Ethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)ureido]-3-fluoro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl}-2-methylpropionic acid

Prepared as a white solid by substituting 7-methoxy-2-tetralone with 7-fluoro-2-tetralone in STEP A above.

¹H NMR (300 MHZ, CDCL₃): δ 7.46-7.51 (M, 2H), 7.25-7.28 (D, 1H), 7.17-7.20 (D, 2H), 6.92-6.95 (D, 1H), 4.43 (M, 1H), 3.42-3.49 (M, 2H), 2.90-3.11 (M, 4H), 2.02-2.07 (M, 2H), 1.45 (S, 6H), 1.25-1.31 (T, 3H).

MS, m/z: 515 (M+1) C₂₄H₂₆F₄N₂O₄S.

Example 17 2-{6-[1-Ethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)ureido]-3-chloro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl}-2-methylpropionic acid

Prepared as a white solid by substituting 7-methoxy-2-tetralone with 7-chloro-2-tetralone in STEP A above.

MS, m/z: 532 (M+1) C₂₄H₂₆ClF₃N₂O₄S.

Example 18 2-{6-[1-Ethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)ureido]-3-bromo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl}-2-methylpropionic acid

Prepared as a white solid by substituting 7-methoxy-2-tetralone with 7-bromo-2-tetralone in STEP A above.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.45-7.48 (m, 3H), 7.36 (s, 1H), 7.15-7.18 (d, 2H), 4.41-4.79 (m, 1H), 3.40-3.47 (m, 2H), 2.90-3.07 (m, 4H), 2.01-2.03 (m, 2H), 1.45 (s, 6H), 1.24-1.29 (t, 3H).

MS, m/z: 576 (M+1) C₂₄H₂₆BrF₃N₂O₄S.

Example 19 2-{6-[1-Ethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)ureido]-3-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl}-2-methylpropionic acid

Prepared as a white solid by substituting 7-methoxy-2-tetralone with 7-methyl-2-tetralone in STEP A above.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.45-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 7.15-7.18 (d, 2H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 4.41-4.79 (m, 1H), 3.40-3.47 (m, 2H), 2.85-3.03 (m, 4H), 2.39 (s, 3H), 2.01-2.03 (m, 2H), 1.41 (s, 6H), 1.24-1.29 (t, 3H).

MS, m/z: 511 (M+1) C₂₅H₂₉F₃N₂O₄S.

Example 20 2-{6-[1-Ethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)ureido]-3-trifluoromethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl}-2-methylpropionic acid

Prepared as white solid by substituting 7-methoxy-2-tetralone with 7-methyl-2-tetralone in STEP A above.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.45-7.48 (d, 2H), 7.37 (s, 1H), 7.12-7.18 (m, 3H), 4.44 (m, 1H), 3.43-3.48 (m, 2H), 2.97-3.21 (m, 4H), 2.03-2.05 (m, 2H), 1.42 (s, 6H), 1.25-1.30 (t, 3H).

MS, m/z: 580 (M+1) C₂₅H₂₆F₆N₂O₅S.

Example 21 2-{6-[1-Ethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)ureido]-3-phenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl}-2-methylpropionic acid

STEP A. 2-(6-Acetylamino-3-phenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl}-2-methylpropionic acid tert-butyl ester

To 2-(6-acetylamino-3-bromo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl}-2-methylpropionic acid tert-butyl ester (0.135 g; 0.30 mmol) dissolved in toluene (1.5 mL) was added phenylboronic acid (0.178 g; 1.46 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (15 mg; 0.013 mmol) and 2M Na₂CO₃ (0.61 mL) and the reaction mixture heated at 95° C. for 18 h. The reaction mixture was cooled, diluted with EtOAc, washed with H₂O (2×), brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent removed under reduced pressure to yield a crude residue which was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂) eluting with a heptane-EtOAc gradient (50→100%) to yield 2-(6-acetylamino-3-phenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl}-2-methyl-propionic acid tert-butyl ester as a clear oil.

MS, M/Z: 383 ((M-C₄H₈)+1) C₂₆H₃₃NO₃S

2-{6-[1-Ethyl-3-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)ureido]-3-phenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylsulfanyl}-2-methylpropionic acid, the compound of Example 21 was additionally prepared, as a white solid, according to the procedure described in Example 14, by selecting and substituting suitable reagents in Steps F, G and H, as appropriate.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.45-7.48 (d, 2H), 7.29-7.38 (m, 6H), 7.15-7.18 (d, 2H), 7.10 (s, 1H), 4.46 (m, 1H), 3.44-3.49 (m, 2H), 2.98-3.06 (m, 4H), 2.04-2.06 (m, 2H), 1.26-1.30 (t, 3H), 1.14 (s, 6H).

MS, M/Z: 573 (M+1) C₂₅H₂₉F₃N₂O₅S

While the foregoing specification teaches the principles of the present invention, with examples provided for the purpose of illustration, it will be understood that the practice of the invention encompasses all of the usual variations, adaptations and/or modifications as come within the scope of the following claims and their equivalents. 

1. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (L)

wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of OH, OPg², NH₂ and N(Pg³ Pg⁴); wherein Pg² is a carboxylic acid protecting group; and wherein Pg³ and Pg⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl or aryl; or Pg³ and Pg⁴ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form C₃₋₁₀heteroaryl or C₃₋₁₀non-aromatic heterocyclic; each of R₁ and R₂ is independently H, C₁₋₆alkyl, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(a)R_(b), (CH₂)_(m)OR₈, (CH₂)_(m)NH(CO)R₈ or (CH₂)_(m)CO₂R₈; wherein each of R_(a), R_(b), and R₈ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; and m is an integer from 1 to 6; alternatively, R₁ and R₂ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a C₃₋₇cycloalkyl; n is an integer from 1 to 2; X is S; provided that when n is 1, X is bound at the 5 or 6 position; and when n is 2, X is bound at the 6 or 7 position; provided further that when n is 2 and X is bound at the 6 position, then R³ is other than hydrogen and bound at the 7 position; R₃ is H, C₁₋₃alkoxy, C₁₋₃alkylthio, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, NR₉R₁₀, NHCOR₁₀, CONHR₁₀ or COOR₁₀; and R₃ is ortho or meta to X; provided that R₃ is other than CF₃; each R₉ and R₁₀ is independently C₁₋₆alkyl; R₄ is H or —(C₁₋₅straight chain alkylene)R₁₅; wherein R₁₅ is H, C₁₋₇alkyl, [di(C₁₋₂alkyl)amino](C₁₋₆alkylene)-, (C₁₋₃alkoxyacyl)(C₁₋₆alkylene)-, C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₃₋₇alkenyl or C₃₋₈alkynyl; wherein R₄ has no more than 9 carbon atoms; alternatively, R₄ is -(straight chain C₁₋₅alkylene)R₁₆; wherein R₁₆ is C₃₋₆cycloalkyl or a 5-6 membered non-aromatic heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; wherein each of the above hydrocarbyl and heterocarbyl moieties may be optionally substituted with between 1 and 3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, amino, methyl, ethyl, hydroxy or methoxy; comprising

reacting a compound of formula (III), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (IV), wherein Pg¹ is a nitrogen protecting group which is inert to ClSO₃H;

reacting the compound of formula (IV) with a suitably substituted compound of formula (V) wherein R_(4a) is R₄ other than hydrogen and wherein J is Br, Cl or I, in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VI); and then reacting the compound of formula (VI) with ClSO₃H, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VII); alternatively, reacting the compound of formula (IV) with ClSO₃H, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VII) wherein R₄ is hydrogen;

reacting the compound of formula (VII) with a reducing agent capable of reducing the chlorosulfonyl group on the compound of formula (VII), to yield a mixture of the corresponding compound of formula (VIII) and the corresponding compound of formula (IX);

reacting the compound of formula (VIII), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (IX), with a suitably substituted compound of formula (X), wherein W is Br, Cl or I, in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XI); alternatively, reacting the compound of formula (IX), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (VIII), with a reducing agent capable of reducing the disulfide on compound of formula (IX), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VIII); and then reacting the compound of formula (VIII) with a suitably substituted compound of formula (X), wherein W is Br, Cl or I, in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XI);

reacting the compound of formula (XI), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (L).
 2. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I)

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, C₁₋₆ ester or C₁₋₆ amide thereof, wherein each of R₁ and R₂ is independently H, C₁₋₆alkyl, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(a)R_(b), (CH₂)_(m)OR₈, (CH₂)_(m)NH(CO)R₈ or (CH₂)_(m)CO₂R₈; wherein each of R_(a), R_(b), and R₈ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; and m is an integer from 1 to 6; alternatively, R₁ and R₂ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a C₃₋₇cycloalkyl; n is an integer from 1 to 2; X is S; provided that when n is 1, X is bound at the 5 or 6 position; and when n is 2, X is bound at the 6 or 7 position; provided further that when n is 2 and X is bound at the 6 position, then R³ is other than hydrogen and bound at the 7 position; R₃ is H, C₁₋₃alkoxy, C₁₋₃alkylthio, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, NR₉R₁₀, NHCOR₁₀, CONHR₁₀ or COOR₁₀; and R₃ is ortho or meta to X; provided that R₃ is other than CF₃; each R₉ and R₁₀ is independently C₁₋₆alkyl; R₄ is H or —(C₁₋₅straight chain alkylene)R₁₅; wherein R₁₅ is H, C₁₋₇alkyl, [di(C₁₋₂alkyl)amino](C₁₋₆alkylene)-, (C₁₋₃alkoxyacyl)(C₁₋₆alkylene)-, C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₃₋₇alkenyl or C₃₋₈alkynyl; wherein R₄ has no more than 9 carbon atoms; alternatively, R₄ is -(straight chain C₁₋₅alkylene)R₁₆; wherein R₁₆ is C₃₋₆cycloalkyl or a 5-6 membered non-aromatic heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; c is an integer from 0 to 1; each of R₅ and R₇ is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, COR₁₁, COOR₁₁, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkylthio, hydroxy, phenyl, NR₁₁R₁₂ or a 5-6 membered heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; R₆ is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, COR₁₃, COOR₁₃, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkylthio, hydroxy, phenyl, NR₁₃R₁₄ or a 5-6 membered heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; alternatively, R₅ and R₆ or R₆ and R₇ may be taken together to be a bivalent moiety, saturated or unsaturated, selected from C₃₋₄alkylene, C₃₋₄alkenylene or (CH₁₋₂)_(p)N(CH₁₋₂)_(q); p is an integer from 0 to 2 and q is an integer from 1 to 3; wherein the sum (p+q) is at least 2; each R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃ and R₁₄ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; wherein each of the above hydrocarbyl and heterocarbyl moieties may be optionally substituted with between 1 and 3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, amino, methyl, ethyl, hydroxy or methoxy; comprising the process of claim 1 and further comprising

reacting the compound of formula (L), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (I).
 3. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I)

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, C₁₋₆ ester or C₁₋₆ amide thereof, wherein each of R₁ and R₂ is independently H, C₁₋₆alkyl, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(a)R_(b), (CH₂)_(m)OR₈, (CH₂)_(m)NH(CO)R₈ or (CH₂)_(m)CO₂R₈; wherein each of R_(a), R_(b), and R₈ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; and m is an integer from 1 to 6; alternatively, R₁ and R₂ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a C₃₋₇cycloalkyl; n is an integer from 1 to 2; X is S; provided that when n is 1, X is bound at the 5 or 6 position; and when n is 2, X is bound at the 6 or 7 position; provided further that when n is 2 and X is bound at the 6 position, then R³ is other than hydrogen and bound at the 7 position; R₃ is H, C₁₋₃alkoxy, C₁₋₃alkylthio, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, NR₉R₁₀, NHCOR₁₀, CONHR₁₀ or COOR₁₀; and R₃ is ortho or meta to X; provided that R₃ is other than CF₃; each R₉ and R₁₀ is independently C₁₋₆alkyl; R₄ is H or —(C₁₋₅straight chain alkylene)R₁₅; wherein R₁₅ is H, C₁₋₇alkyl, [di(C₁₋₂alkyl)amino](C₁₋₆alkylene)-, (C₁₋₃alkoxyacyl)(C₁₋₆alkylene)-, C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₃₋₇alkenyl or C₃₋₈alkynyl; wherein R₄ has no more than 9 carbon atoms; alternatively, R₄ is -(straight chain C₁₋₅alkylene)R₁₆; wherein R₁₆ is C₃₋₆cycloalkyl or a 5-6 membered non-aromatic heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; c is an integer from 0 to 1; each of R₅ and R₇ is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, COR₁₁, COOR₁₁, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkylthio, hydroxy, phenyl, NR₁₁R₁₂ or a 5-6 membered heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; R₆ is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, COR₁₃, COOR₁₃, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkylthio, hydroxy, phenyl, NR₁₃R₁₄ or a 5-6 membered heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; alternatively, R₅ and R₆ or R₆ and R₇ may be taken together to be a bivalent moiety, saturated or unsaturated, selected from C₃₋₄alkylene, C₃₋₄alkenylene or (CH₁₋₂)_(p)N(CH₁₋₂)_(q); p is an integer from 0 to 2 and q is an integer from 1 to 3; wherein the sum (p+q) is at least 2; each R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃ and R₁₄ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; wherein each of the above hydrocarbyl and heterocarbyl moieties may be optionally substituted with between 1 and 3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, amino, methyl, ethyl, hydroxy or methoxy; comprising

reacting a compound of formula (III), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (IV), wherein Pg¹ is a nitrogen protecting group which is inert to ClSO₃H;

reacting the compound of formula (IV) with a suitably substituted compound of formula (V) wherein R_(4a) is R₄ other than hydrogen and wherein J is Br, Cl or I, in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VI); and then reacting the compound of formula (VI) with ClSO₃H, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VII); alternatively, reacting the compound of formula (IV) with ClSO₃H, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VII) wherein R₄ is hydrogen;

reacting the compound of formula (VII) with a reducing agent capable of reducing the chlorosulfonyl group on the compound of formula (VII), to yield a mixture of the corresponding compound of formula (VIII) and the corresponding compound of formula (IX);

reacting the compound of formula (VIII), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (IX), with a suitably substituted compound of formula (X), wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of OH, OPg², NH₂ and N(Pg³ Pg⁴); wherein Pg² is a carboxylic acid protecting group; and wherein Pg³ and Pg⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl or aryl; or Pg³ and Pg⁴ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form C₃₋₁₀heteroaryl or C₃₋₁₀non-aromatic heterocyclic; and wherein W is Br, Cl or I, in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XI); alternatively, reacting the compound of formula (IX), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (VIII), with a reducing agent capable of reducing the disulfide on compound of formula (IX), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VIII); and then reacting the compound of formula (VIII) with a suitably substituted compound of formula (X), wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of OH, OPg², NH₂ and N(Pg³ Pg⁴); wherein Pg² is a carboxylic acid protecting group; and wherein Pg³ and Pg⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl or aryl; or Pg³ and Pg⁴ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form C₃₋₁₀heteroaryl or C₃₋₁₀non-aromatic heterocyclic; and wherein W is Br, Cl or I, in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XI);

reacting the compound of formula (XI), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (L);

reacting the compound of formula (L), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (I).
 4. The process of claim 1 wherein Q is OPg², Pg² is t-butyl, X is S, R₁ is methyl, R₂ is methyl, the —X—C(R₁R₂)—C(O)-Q group is bound at the 5-position, R₃ is hydrogen, n is 1 and R₄ is ethyl
 5. The process of claim 2 wherein X is S, R₁ is methyl, R₂ is methyl, the —X—C(R₁R₂)—C(O)—OH group is bound at the 5-position, R₃ is hydrogen, n is 1, R₄ is ethyl, c is 0, R₅ is hydrogen, R₆ is trifluoromethoxy and R₇ is hydrogen.
 6. The process of claim 3 wherein X is S, R₁ is methyl, R₂ is methyl, the —X—C(R₁R₂)—C(O)—OH group is bound at the 5-position, R₃ is hydrogen, n is 1, R₄ is ethyl, c is 0, R₅ is hydrogen, R₆ is trifluoromethoxy and R₇ is hydrogen.
 7. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (L)

wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of OH, OPg², NH₂ and N(Pg³ Pg⁴); wherein Pg² is a carboxylic acid protecting group; and wherein Pg³ and Pg⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl or aryl; or Pg³ and Pg⁴ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form C₃₋₁₀heteroaryl or C₃₋₁₀non-aromatic heterocyclic; each of R₁ and R₂ is independently H, C₁₋₆alkyl, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(a)R_(b), (CH₂)_(m)OR₈, (CH₂)_(m)NH(CO)R₈ or (CH₂)_(m)CO₂R₈; wherein each of R_(a), R_(b), and R₈ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; and m is an integer from 1 to 6; alternatively, R₁ and R₂ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a C₃₋₇cycloalkyl; n is an integer from 1 to 2; X is S; provided that when n is 1, X is bound at the 5 or 6 position; and when n is 2, X is bound at the 6 or 7 position; provided further that when n is 2 and X is bound at the 6 position, then R³ is other than hydrogen and bound at the 7 position; R₃ is H, C₁₋₃alkoxy, C₁₋₃alkylthio, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, NR₉R₁₀, NHCOR₁₀, CONHR₁₀ or COOR₁₀; and R₃ is ortho or meta to X; provided that R₃ is other than CF₃; each R₉ and R₁₀ is independently C₁₋₆alkyl; R₄ is H or —(C₁₋₅straight chain alkylene)R₁₅; wherein R₁₅ is H, C₁₋₇alkyl, [di(C₁₋₂alkyl)amino](C₁₋₆alkylene)-, (C₁₋₃alkoxyacyl)(C₁₋₆alkylene)-, C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₃₋₇alkenyl or C₃₋₈alkynyl; wherein R₄ has no more than 9 carbon atoms; alternatively, R₄ is -(straight chain C₁₋₅alkylene)R₁₆; wherein R₁₆ is C₃₋₆cycloalkyl or a 5-6 membered non-aromatic heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; wherein each of the above hydrocarbyl and heterocarbyl moieties may be optionally substituted with between 1 and 3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, amino, methyl, ethyl, hydroxy or methoxy; comprising

reacting a compound of formula (III), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (IV), wherein Pg¹ is a nitrogen protecting group which is inert to ClSO₃H;

reacting the compound of formula (IV) with a suitably substituted compound of formula (V) wherein R_(4a) is R₄ other than hydrogen and wherein J is Br, Cl or I, in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VI); and then reacting the compound of formula (VI) with ClSO₃H, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VII); alternatively, reacting the compound of formula (IV) with ClSO₃H, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VII) wherein R⁴ is hydrogen;

reacting the compound of formula (VII) with a reducing agent capable of reducing the chlorosulfonyl group on the compound of formula (VII), to yield a mixture of the corresponding compound of formula (VIII) and the corresponding compound of formula (IX);

de-protecting the compound of formula (VIII), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (IX), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIII); alternatively, de-protecting the compound of formula (IX), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (VIII), to yield a corresponding compound of formula (XII); and then reducing the compound of formula (XII) with a reducing agent capable of reducing the disulfide on compound of formula (XII), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIII); alternatively still, reacting the compound of formula (IX), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (VIII), with a reducing agent capable of reducing the disulfide on compound of formula (IX), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VIII); and then de-protecting the compound of formula (VIII), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIII);

reacting the compound of (XIII) with a suitably substituted compound of formula (X), wherein W is Br, Cl or I, in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (L).
 8. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I)

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, C₁₋₆ ester or C₁₋₆ amide thereof, wherein each of R₁ and R₂ is independently H, C₁₋₆alkyl, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(a)R_(b), (CH₂)_(m)OR₈, (CH₂)_(m)NH(CO)R₈ or (CH₂)_(m)CO₂R₈; wherein each of R_(a), R_(b), and R₈ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; and m is an integer from 1 to 6; alternatively, R₁ and R₂ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a C₃₋₇cycloalkyl; n is an integer from 1 to 2; X is S; provided that when n is 1, X is bound at the 5 or 6 position; and when n is 2, X is bound at the 6 or 7 position; provided further that when n is 2 and X is bound at the 6 position, then R³ is other than hydrogen and bound at the 7 position; R₃ is H, C₁₋₃alkoxy, C₁₋₃alkylthio, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, NR₉R₁₀, NHCOR₁₀, CONHR₁₀ or COOR₁₀; and R₃ is ortho or meta to X; provided that R₃ is other than CF₃; each R₉ and R₁₀ is independently C₁₋₆alkyl; R₄ is H or —(C₁₋₅straight chain alkylene)R₁₅; wherein R₁₅ is H, C₁₋₇alkyl, [di(C₁₋₂alkyl)amino](C₁₋₆alkylene)-, (C₁₋₃alkoxyacyl)(C₁₋₆alkylene)-, C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₃₋₇alkenyl or C₃₋₈alkynyl; wherein R₄ has no more than 9 carbon atoms; alternatively, R₄ is -(straight chain C₁₋₅alkylene)R₁₆; wherein R₁₆ is C₃₋₆cycloalkyl or a 5-6 membered non-aromatic heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; c is an integer from 0 to 1; each of R₅ and R₇ is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, COR₁₁, COOR₁₁, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkylthio, hydroxy, phenyl, NR₁₁R₁₂ or a 5-6 membered heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; R₆ is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, COR₁₃, COOR₁₃, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkylthio, hydroxy, phenyl, NR₁₃R₁₄ or a 5-6 membered heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; alternatively, R₅ and R₆ or R₆ and R₇ may be taken together to be a bivalent moiety, saturated or unsaturated, selected from C₃₋₄alkylene, C₃₋₄alkenylene or (CH₁₋₂)_(p)N(CH₁₋₂)_(q); p is an integer from 0 to 2 and q is an integer from 1 to 3; wherein the sum (p+q) is at least 2; each R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃ and R₁₄ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; wherein each of the above hydrocarbyl and heterocarbyl moieties may be optionally substituted with between 1 and 3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, amino, methyl, ethyl, hydroxy or methoxy; comprising the process of claim 7 and further comprising

reacting the compound of formula (L), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (I).
 9. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I)

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, C₁₋₆ ester or C₁₋₆ amide thereof, wherein each of R₁ and R₂ is independently H, C₁₋₆alkyl, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(a)R_(b), (CH₂)_(m)OR₈, (CH₂)_(m)NH(CO)R₈ or (CH₂)_(m)CO₂R₈; wherein each of R_(a), R_(b), and R₈ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; and m is an integer from 1 to 6; alternatively, R₁ and R₂ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a C₃₋₇cycloalkyl; n is an integer from 1 to 2; X is S; provided that when n is 1, X is bound at the 5 or 6 position; and when n is 2, X is bound at the 6 or 7 position; provided further that when n is 2 and X is bound at the 6 position, then R³ is other than hydrogen and bound at the 7 position; R₃ is H, C₁₋₃alkoxy, C₁₋₃alkylthio, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, NR₉R₁₀, NHCOR₁₀, CONHR₁₀ or COOR₁₀; and R₃ is ortho or meta to X; provided that R₃ is other than CF₃; each R₉ and R₁₀ is independently C₁₋₆alkyl; R₄ is H or —(C₁₋₅straight chain alkylene)R₁₅; wherein R₁₅ is H, C₁₋₇alkyl, [di(C₁₋₂alkyl)amino](C₁₋₆alkylene)-, (C₁₋₃alkoxyacyl)(C₁₋₆alkylene)-, C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₃₋₇alkenyl or C₃₋₈alkynyl; wherein R₄ has no more than 9 carbon atoms; alternatively, R₄ is -(straight chain C₁₋₅alkylene)R₁₆; wherein R₁₆ is C₃₋₆cycloalkyl or a 5-6 membered non-aromatic heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; c is an integer from 0 to 1; each of R₅ and R₇ is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, COR₁₁, COOR₁₁, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkylthio, hydroxy, phenyl, NR₁₁R₁₂ or a 5-6 membered heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; R₆ is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, COR₁₃, COOR₁₃, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkylthio, hydroxy, phenyl, NR₁₃R₁₄ or a 5-6 membered heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; alternatively, R₅ and R₆ or R₆ and R₇ may be taken together to be a bivalent moiety, saturated or unsaturated, selected from C₃₋₄alkylene, C₃₋₄alkenylene or (CH₁₋₂)_(p)N(CH₁₋₂)_(q); p is an integer from 0 to 2 and q is an integer from 1 to 3; wherein the sum (p+q) is at least 2; each R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃ and R₁₄ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; wherein each of the above hydrocarbyl and heterocarbyl moieties may be optionally substituted with between 1 and 3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, amino, methyl, ethyl, hydroxy or methoxy; comprising

reacting a compound of formula (III), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (IV), wherein Pg¹ is a nitrogen protecting group which is inert to ClSO₃H;

reacting the compound of formula (IV) with a suitably substituted compound of formula (V) wherein R_(4a) is R₄ other than hydrogen and wherein J is Br, Cl or I, in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VI); and then reacting the compound of formula (VI) with ClSO₃H, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VII); alternatively, reacting the compound of formula (IV) with ClSO₃H, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VII) wherein R⁴ is hydrogen;

reacting the compound of formula (VII) with a reducing agent capable of reducing the chlorosulfonyl group on the compound of formula (VII), to yield a mixture of the corresponding compound of formula (VIII) and the corresponding compound of formula (IX);

de-protecting the compound of formula (VIII), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (IX), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIII); alternatively, de-protecting the compound of formula (IX), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (VIII), to yield a corresponding compound of formula (XII); and then reducing the compound of formula (XII) with a reducing agent capable of reducing the disulfide on compound of formula (XII), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIII); alternatively still, reacting the compound of formula (IX), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (VIII), with a reducing agent capable of reducing the disulfide on compound of formula (IX), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VIII); and then de-protecting the compound of formula (VIII), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIII);

reacting the compound of (XIII) with a suitably substituted compound of formula (X), wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of OH, OPg², NH₂ and N(Pg³ Pg⁴); wherein Pg² is a carboxylic acid protecting group; and wherein Pg³ and Pg⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl or aryl; or Pg³ and Pg⁴ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form C₃₋₁₀heteroaryl or C₃₋₁₀non-aromatic heterocyclic; and wherein W is Br, Cl or I; in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (L);

reacting the compound of formula (L), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (I).
 10. The process of claim 7 wherein Q is OPg², Pg² is t-butyl, X is S, R₁ is methyl, R₂ is methyl, the —X—C(R₁R₂)—C(O)-Q group is bound at the 5-position, R₃ is hydrogen, n is 1 and R₄ is ethyl
 11. The process of claim 8 wherein X is S, R₁ is methyl, R₂ is methyl, the —X—C(R₁R₂)—C(O)—OH group is bound at the 5-position, R₃ is hydrogen, n is 1, R₄ is ethyl, c is O, R₅ is hydrogen, R₆ is trifluoromethoxy and R₇ is hydrogen.
 12. The process of claim 9 wherein X is S, R₁ is methyl, R₂ is methyl, the —X—C(R₁R₂)—C(O)—OH group is bound at the 5-position, R₃ is hydrogen, n is 1, R₄ is ethyl, c is O, R₅ is hydrogen, R₆ is trifluoromethoxy and R₇ is hydrogen.
 13. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (L)

wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of OH, OPg², NH₂ and N(Pg³ Pg⁴); wherein Pg² is a carboxylic acid protecting group; and wherein Pg³ and Pg⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl or and aryl; or Pg³ and Pg⁴ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form C₃₋₁₀heteroaryl or C₃₋₁₀non-aromatic heterocyclic; each of R₁ and R₂ is independently H, C₁₋₆alkyl, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(a)R_(b), (CH₂)_(m)OR₈, (CH₂)_(m)NH(CO)R₈ or (CH₂)_(m)CO₂R₈; wherein each of R_(a), R_(b), and R₈ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; and m is an integer from 1 to 6; alternatively, R₁ and R₂ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a C₃₋₇cycloalkyl; n is an integer from 1 to 2; X is S; provided that when n is 1, X is bound at the 5 or 6 position; and when n is 2, X is bound at the 6 or 7 position; provided further that when n is 2 and X is bound at the 6 position, then R³ is other than hydrogen and bound at the 7 position; R₃ is H, C₁₋₃alkoxy, C₁₋₃alkylthio, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, NR₉R₁₀, NHCOR₁₀, CONHR₁₀ or COOR₁₀; and R₃ is ortho or meta to X; provided that R₃ is other than CF₃; each R₉ and R₁₀ is independently C₁₋₆alkyl; R₄ is —(C₁₋₅straight chain alkylene)R₁₅; wherein R₁₅ is H, C₁₋₇alkyl, [di(C₁₋₂alkyl)amino](C₁₋₆alkylene)-, (C₁₋₃alkoxyacyl)(C₁₋₆alkylene)-, C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₃₋₇alkenyl or C₃₋₈alkynyl; wherein R₄ has no more than 9 carbon atoms; alternatively, R₄ is -(straight chain C₁₋₅alkylene)R₁₆; wherein R₁₆ is C₃₋₆cycloalkyl or a 5-6 membered non-aromatic heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; wherein each of the above hydrocarbyl and heterocarbyl moieties may be optionally substituted with between 1 and 3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, amino, methyl, ethyl, hydroxy or methoxy; comprising

reacting a compound of formula (III), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (IV), wherein Pg¹ is a nitrogen protecting group which is inert to ClSO₃H;

reacting the compound of formula (IV) with ClSO₃H, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VIIa);

reacting the compound of formula (VIIa) with a reducing agent capable of reducing the chlorosulfonyl group on the compound of formula (VIIa), to yield a mixture of the corresponding compound of formula (VIIIa) and the corresponding compound of formula (IXa);

de-protecting the compound of formula (VIIIa), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (IXa), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIIIa); and then reacting the compound of formula (XIIIa) with a suitably substituted compound of formula (X), wherein W is Cl, Br or I, in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (La); alternatively, reacting the compound of formula (IXa), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (VIIIa), with a reducing agent capable of reducing the disulfide on the compound of formula (IXa), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VIIIa); then reacting the compound of formula (VIIIa) with a suitably substituted compound of formula (X) wherein W is Br, Cl or I, in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIa); and then reacting the compound of formula (XIa), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (La); alternatively still, de-protecting the compound of formula (IXa), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (VIIIa), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIIa); then reacting the compound of formula (XIIa) with a reducing agent capable of reducing the disulfide on the compound of formula (XIIa), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIIIa); and then reacting the compound of formula (XIIIa) with a suitably substituted compound of formula (X) wherein W is Br, Cl or I, in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (La);

reacting the compound of formula (La) with a suitably substituted compound of formula (V) wherein R_(4a) is R₄ other than hydrogen and wherein J is Br, Cl or I, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Lb); alternatively, reacting the compound of formula (La) with a suitably substituted acylating agent capable of attaching an —C(O)—R_(4b) group onto the nitrogen of the compound of formula (La), wherein R_(4b) is selected from (C₁₋₄ straight chain alkylene)R₁₅ or (straight chain C₁₋₄alkylene)R₁₆, in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XVIII); and then reacting the compound of formula (XVIII) with a reducing agent capable of reducing the amide on the compound of formula (XVIII), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Lb).
 14. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I)

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, C₁₋₆ ester or C₁₋₆ amide thereof, wherein each of R₁ and R₂ is independently H, C₁₋₆alkyl, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(a)R_(b), (CH₂)_(m)OR₈, (CH₂)_(m)NH(CO)R₈ or (CH₂)_(m)CO₂R₈; wherein each of R_(a), R_(b), and R₈ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; and m is an integer from 1 to 6; alternatively, R₁ and R₂ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a C₃₋₇cycloalkyl; n is an integer from 1 to 2; X is S; provided that when n is 1, X is bound at the 5 or 6 position; and when n is 2, X is bound at the 6 or 7 position; provided further that when n is 2 and X is bound at the 6 position, then R³ is other than hydrogen and bound at the 7 position; R₃ is H, C₁₋₃alkoxy, C₁₋₃alkylthio, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, NR₉R₁₀, NHCOR₁₀, CONHR₁₀ or COOR₁₀; and R₃ is ortho or meta to X; provided that R₃ is other than CF₃; each R₉ and R₁₀ is independently C₁₋₆alkyl; R₄ is H or —(C₁₋₅straight chain alkylene)R₁₅; wherein R₁₅ is H, C₁₋₇alkyl, [di(C₁₋₂alkyl)amino](C₁₋₆alkylene)-, (C₁₋₃alkoxyacyl)(C₁₋₆alkylene)-, C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₃₋₇alkenyl or C₃₋₈alkynyl; wherein R₄ has no more than 9 carbon atoms; alternatively, R₄ is -(straight chain C₁₋₅alkylene)R₁₆; wherein R₁₆ is C₃₋₆cycloalkyl or a 5-6 membered non-aromatic heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; c is an integer from 0 to 1; each of R₅ and R₇ is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, COR₁₁, COOR₁₁, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkylthio, hydroxy, phenyl, NR₁₁R₁₂ or a 5-6 membered heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; R₆ is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, COR₁₃, COOR₁₃, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkylthio, hydroxy, phenyl, NR₁₃R₁₄ or a 5-6 membered heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; alternatively, R₅ and R₆ or R₆ and R₇ may be taken together to be a bivalent moiety, saturated or unsaturated, selected from C₃₋₄alkylene, C₃₋₄alkenylene or (CH₁₋₂)_(p)N(CH₁₋₂)_(q); p is an integer from 0 to 2 and q is an integer from 1 to 3; wherein the sum (p+q) is at least 2; each R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃ and R₁₄ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; wherein each of the above hydrocarbyl and heterocarbyl moieties may be optionally substituted with between 1 and 3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, amino, methyl, ethyl, hydroxy or methoxy; comprising the process of claim 13 and further comprising

reacting the compound of formula (L), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (I).
 15. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I)

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, C₁₋₆ ester or C₁₋₆ amide thereof, wherein each of R₁ and R₂ is independently H, C₁₋₆alkyl, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(a)R_(b), (CH₂)_(m)OR₈, (CH₂)_(m)NH(CO)R₈ or (CH₂)_(m)CO₂R₈; wherein each of R_(a), R_(b), and R₈ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; and m is an integer from 1 to 6; alternatively, R₁ and R₂ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a C₃₋₇cycloalkyl; n is an integer from 1 to 2; X is S; provided that when n is 1, X is bound at the 5 or 6 position; and when n is 2, X is bound at the 6 or 7 position; provided further that when n is 2 and X is bound at the 6 position, then R³ is other than hydrogen and bound at the 7 position; R₃ is H, C₁₋₃alkoxy, C₁₋₃alkylthio, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, NR₉R₁₀, NHCOR₁₀, CONHR₁₀ or COOR₁₀; and R₃ is ortho or meta to X; provided that R₃ is other than CF₃; each R₉ and R₁₀ is independently C₁₋₆alkyl; R₄ is H or —(C₁₋₅straight chain alkylene)R₁₅; wherein R₁₅ is H, C₁₋₇alkyl, [di(C₁₋₂alkyl)amino](C₁₋₆alkylene)-, (C₁₋₃alkoxyacyl)(C₁₋₆alkylene)-, C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₃₋₇alkenyl or C₃₋₈alkynyl; wherein R₄ has no more than 9 carbon atoms; alternatively, R₄ is -(straight chain C₁₋₅alkylene)R₁₆; wherein R₁₆ is C₃₋₆cycloalkyl or a 5-6 membered non-aromatic heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; c is an integer from 0 to 1; each of R₅ and R₇ is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, COR₁₁, COOR₁₁, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkylthio, hydroxy, phenyl, NR₁₁R₁₂ or a 5-6 membered heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; R₆ is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, COR₁₃, COOR₁₃, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkylthio, hydroxy, phenyl, NR₁₃R₁₄ or a 5-6 membered heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; alternatively, R₅ and R₆ or R₆ and R₇ may be taken together to be a bivalent moiety, saturated or unsaturated, selected from C₃₋₄alkylene, C₃₋₄alkenylene or (CH₁₋₂)_(p)N(CH₁₋₂)_(q); p is an integer from 0 to 2 and q is an integer from 1 to 3; wherein the sum (p+q) is at least 2; each R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃ and R₁₄ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; wherein each of the above hydrocarbyl and heterocarbyl moieties may be optionally substituted with between 1 and 3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, amino, methyl, ethyl, hydroxy or methoxy; comprising

reacting a compound of formula (III), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (IV), wherein Pg¹ is a nitrogen protecting group which is inert to ClSO₃H;

reacting the compound of formula (IV) with ClSO₃H, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VIIa);

reacting the compound of formula (VIIa) with a reducing agent capable of reducing the chlorosulfonyl group on the compound of formula (VIIa), to yield a mixture of the corresponding compound of formula (VIIIa) and the corresponding compound of formula (IXa);

de-protecting the compound of formula (VIIIa), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (IXa), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIIIa); and then reacting the compound of formula (XIIIa) with a suitably substituted compound of formula (X), wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of OH, OPg², NH₂ and N(Pg³ Pg⁴); wherein Pg² is a carboxylic acid protecting group; and wherein Pg³ and Pg⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl or aryl; or Pg³ and Pg⁴ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form C₃₋₁₀heteroaryl or C₃₋₁₀non-aromatic heterocyclic; and wherein W is Br, Cl or I; in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (La); alternatively, reacting the compound of formula (IXa), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (VIIIa), with a reducing agent capable of reducing the disulfide on the compound of formula (IXa), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (VIIIa); then reacting the compound of formula (VIIIa) with a suitably substituted compound of formula (X) wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of OH, OPg², NH₂ and N(Pg³ Pg⁴); wherein Pg² is a carboxylic acid protecting group; and wherein Pg³ and Pg⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl or aryl; or Pg³ and Pg⁴ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form C₃₋₁₀heteroaryl or C₃₋₁₀non-aromatic heterocyclic; and wherein W is Br, Cl or I; in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIa); and then reacting the compound of formula (XIa), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (La); alternatively still, de-protecting the compound of formula (IXa), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (VIIIa), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIIa); then reacting the compound of formula (XIIa) with a reducing agent capable of reducing the disulfide on the compound of formula (XIIa), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIIIa); and then reacting the compound of formula (XIIIa) with a suitably substituted compound of formula (X), wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of OH, OPg², NH₂ and N(Pg³ Pg⁴); wherein Pg² is a carboxylic acid protecting group; and wherein Pg³ and Pg⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl or aryl; or Pg³ and Pg⁴ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form C₃₋₁₀heteroaryl or C₃₋₁₀non-aromatic heterocyclic; and wherein W is Br, Cl or I; in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (La);

reacting the compound of formula (La) with a suitably substituted compound of formula (V), wherein R_(4a) is R₄ other than hydrogen and wherein J is Br, Cl or I, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Lb); alternatively, reacting the compound of formula (La) with a suitably substituted acylating agent capable of attaching an —C(O)—R_(4b) group onto the nitrogen of the compound of formula (La), wherein R_(4b) is selected from (C₁₋₄ straight chain alkylene)R₁₅ or (straight chain C₁₋₄alkylene)R₁₆, in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XVIII); and then reacting the compound of formula (XVIII) with a reducing agent capable of reducing the amide on the compound of formula (XVIII), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Lb);

reacting the compound of formula (La) or the compound of formula (Lb), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (I).
 16. The process of claim 13 wherein Q is OPg², Pg² is t-butyl, X is S, R₁ is methyl, R₂ is methyl, the —X—C(R₁R₂)—C(O)-Q group is bound at the 5-position, R₃ is hydrogen, n is 1 and R₄ is ethyl.
 17. The process of claim 14 wherein X is S, R₁ is methyl, R₂ is methyl, the —X—C(R₁R₂)—C(O)—OH group is bound at the 5-position, R₃ is hydrogen, n is 1, R₄ is ethyl, c is O, R₅ is hydrogen, R₆ is trifluoromethoxy and R₇ is hydrogen.
 18. The process of claim 15 wherein X is S, R₁ is methyl, R₂ is methyl, the —X—C(R₁R₂)—C(O)—OH group is bound at the 5-position, R₃ is hydrogen, n is 1, R₄ is ethyl, c is O, R₅ is hydrogen, R₆ is trifluoromethoxy and R₇ is hydrogen.
 19. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (Lc)

wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of OH, OPg², NH₂ and N(Pg³ Pg⁴); wherein Pg² is a carboxylic acid protecting group; and wherein Pg³ and Pg⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl or aryl; or Pg³ and Pg⁴ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form C₃₋₁₀heteroaryl or C₃₋₁₀non-aromatic heterocyclic; each of R₁ and R₂ is independently H, C₁₋₆alkyl, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(a)R_(b), (CH₂)_(m)OR₈, (CH₂)_(m)NH(CO)R₈ or (CH₂)_(m)CO₂R₈; wherein each of R_(a), R_(b), and R₈ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; and m is an integer from 1 to 6; alternatively, R₁ and R₂ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a C₃₋₇cycloalkyl; n is an integer from 1 to 2; X is S; provided that when n is 1, X is bound at the 5 or 6 position; and when n is 2, X is bound at the 6 or 7 position; provided further that when n is 2 and X is bound at the 6 position, then R³ is other than hydrogen and bound at the 7 position; R₃ is H, C₁₋₃alkoxy, C₁₋₃alkylthio, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, NR₉R₁₀, NHCOR₁₀, CONHR₁₀ or COOR₁₀; and R₃ is ortho or meta to X; provided that R₃ is other than CF₃; each R₉ and R₁₀ is independently C₁₋₆alkyl; R_(4b) is —(C₁₋₄straight chain alkylene)R₁₅; wherein R₁₅ is H, C₁₋₇alkyl, [di(C₁₋₂alkyl)amino](C₁₋₆alkylene)-, (C₁₋₃alkoxyacyl)(C₁₋₆alkylene)-, C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₃₋₇alkenyl or C₃₋₈alkynyl; wherein R_(4b) has no more than 8 carbon atoms; alternatively, R_(4b) is -(straight chain C₁₋₄alkylene)R₁₆; wherein R₁₆ is C₃₋₆cycloalkyl or a 5-6 membered non-aromatic heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; wherein each of the above hydrocarbyl and heterocarbyl moieties may be optionally substituted with between 1 and 3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, amino, methyl, ethyl, hydroxy or methoxy; comprising

reacting a suitably substituted compound of formula (III) with a suitably substituted acylating agent capable of attaching an —C(O)—R_(4b) group onto the nitrogen of the compound of formula (III), in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIV);

reacting the compound of formula (XIV) with ClSO₃H, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XV);

reacting the compound of formula (XV) with a reducing agent capable of reducing the chlorosulfonyl group on the compound of formula (XV), to yield a mixture of the corresponding compound of formula (XVI) and the corresponding compound of formula (XVII):

reacting the compound of formula (XVI), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (XVII), with a reducing agent capable of reducing the amide on the compound of formula (XVI), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIIIb); alternatively, reacting the compound of formula (XVII), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (XVI), with a reducing agent capable of reducing the amide and the disulfide on the compound of formula (XVII), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIIIb);

reacting the compound of formula (XIIIb) with a suitably substituted compound of formula (X) wherein W is Br, Cl or I, in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Lc).
 20. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (Ic)

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, C₁₋₆ ester or C₁₋₆ amide thereof, wherein each of R₁ and R₂ is independently H, C₁₋₆alkyl, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(a)R_(b), (CH₂)_(m)OR₈, (CH₂)_(m)NH(CO)R₈ or (CH₂)_(m)CO₂R₈; wherein each of R_(a), R_(b), and R₈ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; and m is an integer from 1 to 6; alternatively, R₁ and R₂ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a C₃₋₇cycloalkyl; n is an integer from 1 to 2; X is S; provided that when n is 1, X is bound at the 5 or 6 position; and when n is 2, X is bound at the 6 or 7 position; provided further that when n is 2 and X is bound at the 6 position, then R³ is other than hydrogen and bound at the 7 position; R₃ is H, C₁₋₃alkoxy, C₁₋₃alkylthio, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, NR₉R₁₀, NHCOR₁₀, CONHR₁₀ or COOR₁₀; and R₃ is ortho or meta to X; provided that R₃ is other than CF₃; each R₉ and R₁₀ is independently C₁₋₆alkyl; R_(4b) is —(C₁₋₄straight chain alkylene)R₁₅; wherein R₁₅ is H, C₁₋₇alkyl, [di(C₁₋₂alkyl)amino](C₁₋₆alkylene)-, (C₁₋₃alkoxyacyl)(C₁₋₆alkylene)-, C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₃₋₇alkenyl or C₃₋₈alkynyl; wherein R_(4b) has no more than 8 carbon atoms; alternatively, R_(4b) is -(straight chain C₁₋₄alkylene)R₁₆; wherein R₁₆ is C₃₋₆cycloalkyl or a 5-6 membered non-aromatic heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; c is an integer from 0 to 1; each of R₅ and R₇ is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, COR₁₁, COOR₁₁, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkylthio, hydroxy, phenyl, NR₁₁R₁₂ or a 5-6 membered heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; R₆ is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, COR₁₃, COOR₁₃, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkylthio, hydroxy, phenyl, NR₁₃R₁₄ or a 5-6 membered heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; alternatively, R₅ and R₆ or R₆ and R₇ may be taken together to be a bivalent moiety, saturated or unsaturated, selected from C₃₋₄alkylene, C₃₋₄alkenylene or (CH₁₋₂)_(p)N(CH₁₋₂)_(q); p is an integer from 0 to 2 and q is an integer from 1 to 3; wherein the sum (p+q) is at least 2; each R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃ and R₁₄ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; wherein each of the above hydrocarbyl and heterocarbyl moieties may be optionally substituted with between 1 and 3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, amino, methyl, ethyl, hydroxy or methoxy; comprising the process of claim 19 and further comprising

reacting the compound of formula (Lc), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Ic).
 21. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I)

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, C₁₋₆ ester or C₁₋₆ amide thereof, wherein each of R₁ and R₂ is independently H, C₁₋₆alkyl, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(a)R_(b), (CH₂)_(m)OR₈, (CH₂)_(m)NH(CO)R₈ or (CH₂)_(m)CO₂R₈; wherein each of R_(a), R_(b), and R₈ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; and m is an integer from 1 to 6; alternatively, R₁ and R₂ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a C₃₋₇cycloalkyl; n is an integer from 1 to 2; X is S; provided that when n is 1, X is bound at the 5 or 6 position; and when n is 2, X is bound at the 6 or 7 position; provided further that when n is 2 and X is bound at the 6 position, then R³ is other than hydrogen and bound at the 7 position; R₃ is H, C₁₋₃alkoxy, C₁₋₃alkylthio, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, NR₉R₁₀, NHCOR₁₀, CONHR₁₀ or COOR₁₀; and R₃ is ortho or meta to X; provided that R₃ is other than CF₃; each R₉ and R₁₀ is independently C₁₋₆alkyl; R_(4b) is —(C₁₋₄straight chain alkylene)R₁₅; wherein R₁₅ is H, C₁₋₇alkyl, [di(C₁₋₂alkyl)amino](C₁₋₆alkylene)-, (C₁₋₃alkoxyacyl)(C₁₋₆alkylene)-, C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₃₋₇alkenyl or C₃₋₈alkynyl; wherein R_(4b) has no more than 8 carbon atoms; alternatively, R_(4b) is -(straight chain C₁₋₄alkylene)R₁₆; wherein R₁₆ is C₃₋₆cycloalkyl or a 5-6 membered non-aromatic heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; c is an integer from 0 to 1; each of R₅ and R₇ is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, COR₁₁, COOR₁₁, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkylthio, hydroxy, phenyl, NR₁₁R₁₂ or a 5-6 membered heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; R₆ is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, COR₁₃, COOR₁₃, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkylthio, hydroxy, phenyl, NR₁₃R₁₄ or a 5-6 membered heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; alternatively, R₅ and R₆ or R₆ and R₇ may be taken together to be a bivalent moiety, saturated or unsaturated, selected from C₃₋₄alkylene, C₃₋₄alkenylene or (CH₁₋₂)_(p)N(CH₁₋₂)_(q); p is an integer from 0 to 2 and q is an integer from 1 to 3; wherein the sum (p+q) is at least 2; each R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃ and R₁₄ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; wherein each of the above hydrocarbyl and heterocarbyl moieties may be optionally substituted with between 1 and 3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, amino, methyl, ethyl, hydroxy or methoxy; comprising

reacting a suitably substituted compound of formula (III) with a suitably substituted acylating agent capable of attaching an —C(O)—R_(4b) group onto the nitrogen of the compound of formula (III), in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIV);

reacting the compound of formula (XIV) with ClSO₃H, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XV);

reacting the compound of formula (XV) with a reducing agent capable of reducing the chlorosulfonyl group on the compound of formula (XV), to yield a mixture of the corresponding compound of formula (XVI) and the corresponding compound of formula (XVII);

reacting the compound of formula (XVI), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (XVII), with a reducing agent capable of reducing the amide on the compound of formula (XVI), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIIIb); alternatively, reacting the compound of formula (XVII), isolated or in a mixture with the compound of formula (XVI), with a reducing agent capable of reducing the amide and the disulfide on the compound of formula (XVII), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIIIb);

reacting the compound of formula (XIIIb) with a suitably substituted compound of formula (X) wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of OH, OPg², NH₂ and N(Pg³ Pg⁴); wherein Pg² is a carboxylic acid protecting group; and wherein Pg³ and Pg⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl or aryl; or Pg³ and Pg⁴ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form C₃₋₁₀heteroaryl or C₃₋₁₀non-aromatic heterocyclic; and W is Br, Cl or I; in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Lc);

reacting the compound of formula (Lc), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Ic).
 22. The process of claim 19 wherein Q is OPg², Pg² is t-butyl, X is S, R₁ is methyl, R₂ is methyl, wherein the —X—C(R₁R₂)—C(O)Q group is bound at the 5-position, R₃ is hydrogen, n is 1 and R₄ is ethyl
 23. The process of claim 20 wherein X is S, R₁ is methyl, R₂ is methyl, the —X—C(R₁R₂)—C(O)—OH group is bound at the 5-position, R₃ is hydrogen, n is 1, R₄ is ethyl, c is O, R₅ is hydrogen, R₆ is trifluoromethoxy and R₇ is hydrogen.
 24. The process of claim 21 wherein X is S, R₁ is methyl, R₂ is methyl, the —X—C(R₁R₂)—C(O)—OH group is bound at the 5-position, R₃ is hydrogen, n is 1, R₄ is ethyl, c is O, R₅ is hydrogen, R₆ is trifluoromethoxy and R₇ is hydrogen.
 25. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (Lc)

wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of OH, OPg², NH₂ and N(Pg³ Pg⁴); wherein Pg² is a carboxylic acid protecting group; and wherein Pg³ and Pg⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl or aryl; or Pg³ and Pg⁴ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form C₃₋₁₀heteroaryl or C₃₋₁₀non-aromatic heterocyclic; each of R₁ and R₂ is independently H, C₁₋₆alkyl, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(a)R_(b), (CH₂)_(m)OR₈, (CH₂)_(m)NH(CO)R₈ or (CH₂)_(m)CO₂R₈; wherein each of R_(a), R_(b), and R₈ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; and m is an integer from 1 to 6; alternatively, R₁ and R₂ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a C₃₋₇cycloalkyl; n is an integer from 1 to 2; X is S; provided that when n is 1, X is bound at the 5 or 6 position; and when n is 2, X is bound at the 6 or 7 position; provided further that when n is 2 and X is bound at the 6 position, then R³ is other than hydrogen and bound at the 7 position; R₃ is H, C₁₋₃alkoxy, C₁₋₃alkylthio, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, NR₉R₁₀, NHCOR₁₀, CONHR₁₀ or COOR₁₀; and R₃ is ortho or meta to X; provided that R₃ is other than CF₃; each R₉ and R₁₀ is independently C₁₋₆alkyl; R_(4b) is —(C₁₋₄straight chain alkylene)R₁₅; wherein R₁₅ is H, C₁₋₇alkyl, [di(C₁₋₂alkyl)amino](C₁₋₆alkylene)-, (C₁₋₃alkoxyacyl)(C₁₋₆alkylene)-, C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₃₋₇alkenyl or C₃₋₈alkynyl; wherein R_(4b) has no more than 8 carbon atoms; alternatively, R_(4b) is -(straight chain C₁₋₄alkylene)R₁₆; wherein R₁₆ is C₃₋₆cycloalkyl or a 5-6 membered non-aromatic heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; wherein each of the above hydrocarbyl and heterocarbyl moieties may be optionally substituted with between 1 and 3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, amino, methyl, ethyl, hydroxy or methoxy; comprising

reacting a suitably substituted compound of formula (III) with a suitably substituted acylating agent capable of attaching an —C(O)—R_(4b) group onto the nitrogen of the compound of formula (III), in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIV);

reacting the compound of formula (XIV) with ClSO₃H, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XV);

reacting the compound of formula (XV) with a reducing agent capable of reducing the chlorosulfonyl group and the amide group on the compound of formula (XV), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIIIb);

reacting the compound of formula (XIIIb) with a suitably substituted compound of formula (X) wherein W is Br, Cl or I, in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Lc).
 26. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (IC)

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, C₁₋₆ ester or C₁₋₆ amide thereof, wherein each of R₁ and R₂ is independently H, C₁₋₆alkyl, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(a)R_(b), (CH₂)_(m)OR₈, (CH₂)_(m)NH(CO)R₈ or (CH₂)_(m)CO₂R₈; wherein each of R_(a), R_(b), and R₈ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; and m is an integer from 1 to 6; alternatively, R₁ and R₂ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a C₃₋₇cycloalkyl; n is an integer from 1 to 2; X is S; provided that when n is 1, X is bound at the 5 or 6 position; and when n is 2, X is bound at the 6 or 7 position; provided further that when n is 2 and X is bound at the 6 position, then R³ is other than hydrogen and bound at the 7 position; R₃ is H, C₁₋₃alkoxy, C₁₋₃alkylthio, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, NR₉R₁₀, NHCOR₁₀, CONHR₁₀ or COOR₁₀; and R₃ is ortho or meta to X; provided that R₃ is other than CF₃; each R₉ and R₁₀ is independently C₁₋₆alkyl; R_(4b) is —(C₁₋₄straight chain alkylene)R₁₅; wherein R₁₅ is H, C₁₋₇alkyl, [di(C₁₋₂alkyl)amino](C₁₋₆alkylene)-, (C₁₋₃alkoxyacyl)(C₁₋₆alkylene)-, C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₃₋₇alkenyl or C₃₋₈alkynyl; wherein R_(4b) has no more than 8 carbon atoms; alternatively, R_(4b) is -(straight chain C₁₋₄alkylene)R₁₆; wherein R₁₆ is C₃₋₆cycloalkyl or a 5-6 membered non-aromatic heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; c is an integer from 0 to 1; each of R₅ and R₇ is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, COR₁₁, COOR₁₁, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkylthio, hydroxy, phenyl, NR₁₁R₁₂ or a 5-6 membered heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; R₆ is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, COR₁₃, COOR₁₃, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkylthio, hydroxy, phenyl, NR₁₃R₁₄ or a 5-6 membered heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; alternatively, R₅ and R₆ or R₆ and R₇ may be taken together to be a bivalent moiety, saturated or unsaturated, selected from C₃₋₄alkylene, C₃₋₄alkenylene or (CH₁₋₂)_(p)N(CH₁₋₂)_(q); p is an integer from 0 to 2 and q is an integer from 1 to 3; wherein the sum (p+q) is at least 2; each R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃ and R₁₄ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; wherein each of the above hydrocarbyl and heterocarbyl moieties may be optionally substituted with between 1 and 3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, amino, methyl, ethyl, hydroxy or methoxy; comprising the process of claim 25 and further comprising

reacting the compound of formula (Lc), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Ic).
 27. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I)

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, C₁₋₆ ester or C₁₋₆ amide thereof, wherein each of R₁ and R₂ is independently H, C₁₋₆alkyl, (CH₂)_(m)NR_(a)R_(b), (CH₂)_(m)OR₈, (CH₂)_(m)NH(CO)R₈ or (CH₂)_(m)CO₂R₈; wherein each of R_(a), R_(b), and R₈ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; and m is an integer from 1 to 6; alternatively, R₁ and R₂ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a C₃₋₇cycloalkyl; n is an integer from 1 to 2; X is S; provided that when n is 1, X is bound at the 5 or 6 position; and when n is 2, X is bound at the 6 or 7 position; provided further that when n is 2 and X is bound at the 6 position, then R³ is other than hydrogen and bound at the 7 position; R₃ is H, C₁₋₃alkoxy, C₁₋₃alkylthio, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, NR₉R₁₀, NHCOR₁₀, CONHR₁₀ or COOR₁₀; and R₃ is ortho or meta to X; provided that R₃ is other than CF₃; each R₉ and R₁₀ is independently C₁₋₆alkyl; R_(4b) is —(C₁₋₄straight chain alkylene)R₁₅; wherein R₁₅ is H, C₁₋₇alkyl, [di(C₁₋₂alkyl)amino](C₁₋₆alkylene)-, (C₁₋₃alkoxyacyl)(C₁₋₆alkylene)-, C₁₋₆alkoxy, C₃₋₇alkenyl or C₃₋₈alkynyl; wherein R_(4b) has no more than 8 carbon atoms; alternatively, R_(4b) is -(straight chain C₁₋₄alkylene)R₁₆; wherein R₁₆ is C₃₋₆cycloalkyl or a 5-6 membered non-aromatic heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; c is an integer from 0 to 1; each of R₅ and R₇ is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, COR₁₁, COOR₁₁, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkylthio, hydroxy, phenyl, NR₁₁R₁₂ or a 5-6 membered heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; R₆ is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, COR₁₃, COOR₁₃, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkylthio, hydroxy, phenyl, NR₁₃R₁₄ or a 5-6 membered heterocyclyl with between 1 and 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; alternatively, R₅ and R₆ or R₆ and R₇ may be taken together to be a bivalent moiety, saturated or unsaturated, selected from C₃₋₄alkylene, C₃₋₄alkenylene or (CH₁₋₂)_(p)N(CH₁₋₂)_(q); p is an integer from 0 to 2 and q is an integer from 1 to 3; wherein the sum (p+q) is at least 2; each R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃ and R₁₄ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl; wherein each of the above hydrocarbyl and heterocarbyl moieties may be optionally substituted with between 1 and 3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, amino, methyl, ethyl, hydroxy or methoxy; comprising

reacting a suitably substituted compound of formula (III) with a suitably substituted acylating agent capable of attaching an —C(O)—R_(4b) group onto the nitrogen of the compound of formula (III), in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIV);

reacting the compound of formula (XIV) with ClSO₃H, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XV);

reacting the compound of formula (XV) with a reducing agent capable of reducing the chlorosulfonyl group and the amide group on the compound of formula (XV), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIIIb);

reacting the compound of formula (XIIIb) with a suitably substituted compound of formula (X) wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of OH, OPg², NH₂ and N(Pg³ Pg⁴); wherein Pg² is a carboxylic acid protecting group; and wherein Pg³ and Pg⁴ are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl or aryl; or Pg³ and Pg⁴ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form C₃₋₁₀heteroaryl or C₃₋₁₀non-aromatic heterocyclic; and W is Br, Cl or I; in the presence of a base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Lc);

reacting the compound of formula (Lc), to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Ic).
 28. The process of claim 25 wherein Q is OPg², Pg² is t-butyl, X is S, R₁ is methyl, R₂ is methyl, wherein the —X—C(R₁R₂)—C(O)Q group is bound at the 5-position, R₃ is hydrogen, n is 1 and R₄ is ethyl
 29. The process of claim 26 wherein X is S, R₁ is methyl, R₂ is methyl, the —X—C(R₁R₂)—C(O)—OH group is bound at the 5-position, R₃ is hydrogen, n is 1, R₄ is ethyl, c is O, R₅ is hydrogen, R₆ is trifluoromethoxy and R₇ is hydrogen.
 30. The process of claim 27 wherein X is S, R₁ is methyl, R₂ is methyl, the —X—C(R₁R₂)—C(O)—OH group is bound at the 5-position, R₃ is hydrogen, n is 1, R₄ is ethyl, c is O, R₅ is hydrogen, R₆ is trifluoromethoxy and R₇ is hydrogen.
 31. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (Le)

wherein Q_(b) is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkoxy, wherein the C₁₋₆alkoxy is not substituted with amino; comprising

(a) reacting a compound of formula (Ld) with (S)-2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic acid, in an alcohol; or in acetone, at a temperature in the range of from about 35° C. to about 0° C.; to yield the corresponding (R,S) diastereomeric salt, the compound of formula (XX);

(b) reacting the (R,S) diastereomeric salt, the compound of formula (XX), with an inorganic base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Le).
 32. The process of claim 31 wherein Q_(b) is t-butoxy.
 33. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (Le)

wherein Q_(b) is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkoxy, wherein the C₁₋₆alkoxy is not substituted with amino; comprising

(a) reacting a compound of formula (Ld) with (R)-2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic acid, in acetone, at a temperature greater than about 35° C.; or in THF at about room temperature; to yield the corresponding (R,R) diastereomeric salt, the compound of formula (XXI);

(b) reacting the (R,R) diastereomeric salt, the compound of formula (XXI) with an inorganic base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Le).
 34. The process of claim 33 wherein Q_(b) is t-butoxy.
 35. A process for the preparation of the compound of formula (Lf)

wherein Q_(b) is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkoxy, wherein the C₁₋₆alkoxy is not substituted with amino; comprising

(a) reacting a compound of formula (Ld) with (S)-2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic acid, in acetone, at a temperature greater than about 35° C.; or in THF at about room temperature; to yield the corresponding (S,S) diastereomeric salt, the compound of formula (XXII);

(b) reacting the (S,S) diastereomeric salt, the compound of formula (XXI) with an inorganic base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Lf).
 36. A process for the preparation of the compound of formula (Lf)

wherein Q_(b) is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkoxy, wherein the C₁₋₆alkoxy is not substituted with amino; comprising

(a) reacting a compound of formula (Ld) with (R)-2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic acid, in an alcohol; or in acetone, at a temperature in the range of from about 35° C. to about 0° C.; to yield the corresponding (S,R) diastereomeric salt, the compound of formula (XXIII);

(b) reacting the (S,R) diastereomeric salt, the compound of formula (XXIII) with an inorganic base, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Lf).
 37. A crystalline N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine salt of a compound of formula (IIa)


38. The crystalline salt as in claim 37 wherein the ratio of the compound of formula (IIa) to the N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine is 1:1. 39-42. (canceled)
 43. A compound of formula (IIa) comprising the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, C₁₋₆ ester or C₁₋₆ amide thereof.
 44. The compound of claim 43 wherein said compound has an enantiomeric excess of at least about 90%.
 45. The compound of claim 43 wherein said compound has an enantiomeric excess of at least about 96%.
 46. The compound of claim 43 wherein said compound has an enantiomeric excess of at least about 99%.
 47. A compound comprising the structure:


48. The compound of claim 47 wherein said compound has an enantiomeric excess of at least about 90%.
 49. The compound of claim 47 wherein said compound has an enantiomeric excess of at least about 96%.
 50. The compound of claim 47 wherein said compound has an enantiomeric excess of at least about 99%.
 51. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim
 43. 52. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 47 